{"id":969,"date":"2024-07-31T17:04:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-31T15:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=969"},"modified":"2024-07-31T16:17:31","modified_gmt":"2024-07-31T14:17:31","slug":"co-by-ste-mali-vediet-o-obchodnych-vztahoch-medzi-usa-a-cinou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=969","title":{"rendered":"\u010co by ste mali vedie\u0165 o obchodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch medzi USA a \u010c\u00ednou"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ako to cel\u00e9 za\u010dalo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pred rokom 1979 neexistoval medzi USA a \u010c\u00ednou takmer \u017eiadny obchodn\u00fd vz\u0165ah, \u010do bolo sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 preru\u0161en\u00edm vz\u0165ahov zo strany Washingtonu s vtedy komunistickou vl\u00e1dou v Pekingu. V roku 1979 sa vz\u0165ahy podarilo normalizova\u0165, \u010do v nasleduj\u00facich \u0161tyroch desa\u0165ro\u010diach vyvolalo rap\u00eddny n\u00e1rast obchodu. Normaliz\u00e1cia s\u00favisela aj s dlhodob\u00fdm procesom ekonomick\u00fdch reforiem, ktor\u00fd \u010c\u00edna za\u010dala koncom 70. rokov. Pred rokom 1978 mala \u010c\u00edna socialisticky pl\u00e1novan\u00fa ekonomiku a bola do zna\u010dnej miery izolovan\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm krokom bol aj vstup \u010c\u00edny do WTO v roku 2001. Podmienkou jej prijatia bola nutnos\u0165 Pekingu zaviaza\u0165 sa k s\u00faboru ekonomick\u00fdch reforiem, ako napr\u00edklad zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 clo na dov\u00e1\u017ean\u00fd tovar \u010di transparentnos\u0165 z\u00e1konov a nariaden\u00ed. V tom \u010dase USA verili, \u017ee toto za\u010dlenenie pom\u00f4\u017ee \u010c\u00edne pri jej demokratickej reforme. \u010clenstvo \u010c\u00edny zabezpe\u010dilo trval\u00e9 obchodn\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy a istotu americk\u00fdm spolo\u010dnostiam, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017eu tovary vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 v \u010c\u00edne a dov\u00e1\u017ea\u0165 ich do USA. N\u00e1rast obchodu bol obrovsk\u00fd, \u010do s\u00faviselo aj s v\u00fdhodn\u00fdm postaven\u00edm \u010c\u00edny v medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch dod\u00e1vate\u013esk\u00fdch re\u0165azcoch, \u010do jej umo\u017e\u0148ovalo vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 komponenty z cel\u00e9ho sveta na v\u00fdrobu tovaru pre Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty. [1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody obchodn\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomick\u00fd n\u00e1rast bol v\u00fdhodn\u00fd pre obe krajiny. Americk\u00ed spotrebitelia \u0165a\u017eili z ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch cien a americk\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti nesmierne profitovali z pr\u00edstupu na \u010d\u00ednsky trh. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd obchod s \u010c\u00ednou zv\u00fd\u0161il ro\u010dn\u00fa k\u00fapnu silu priemernej americkej dom\u00e1cnosti v rokoch 2000 a\u017e 2007 o 1 500 dol\u00e1rov. Export do \u010c\u00edny taktie\u017e zabezpe\u010dil n\u00e1rast pracovn\u00fdch miest v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch a to o viac ako mili\u00f3n. Americk\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti zar\u00e1baj\u00fa ro\u010dne stovky mili\u00e1rd dol\u00e1rov z predaja v \u010c\u00edne. Od roku 2001 vzr\u00e1stol americk\u00fd export do \u010c\u00edny o 450 percent. [2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na druhej strane aj pre \u010c\u00ednu boli zisky z obchodu so Spojen\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00e1tmi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 . Od roku 2001 vzr\u00e1stla \u010d\u00ednska ekonomika viac ako p\u00e4\u0165n\u00e1sobne a dnes je druhou najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou na svete, a to za Spojen\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00e1tmi. Stovky mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed unikli extr\u00e9mnej chudobe v d\u00f4sledku tohto n\u00e1rastu. Od roku 1990 do roku 2015 podiel \u010d\u00ednskej popul\u00e1cie \u017eij\u00facej v extr\u00e9mnej chudobe (definovanej ako \u017eivot z menej ako 1,90 dol\u00e1ra na de\u0148) klesol zo 67 percent na menej ako 1 percento. [3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody obchodn\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napriek zna\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdhod\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 tento obchod priniesol, sp\u00f4sobil v\u0161ak aj zna\u010dn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. V mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch sa p\u00f4sobenie \u010c\u00edny v WTO neuskuto\u010dnilo tak, ako by si Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty \u017eelali. O\u017eivenie obchodu s \u010c\u00ednou sp\u00f4sobilo takzvan\u00fd \u201e\u010c\u00ednsky \u0161ok\u201c, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee n\u00e1klady spojen\u00e9 so zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm obchodom boli vy\u0161\u0161ie ako n\u00e1klady s in\u00fdmi krajinami, napr\u00edklad s Japonskom. Bolo to sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 najm\u00e4 r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou rastu dovozu, obrovskou ve\u013ekos\u0165ou \u010d\u00ednskej pracovnej sily s n\u00edzkymi mzdami a rozsahom ovplyvnen\u00fdch odvetv\u00ed. [4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po\u010das nieko\u013ek\u00fdch dek\u00e1d tejto spolupr\u00e1ce sa v americk\u00fdch rad\u00e1ch vytvorila obava o n\u00e1rodn\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165. Americk\u00ed politici sa ob\u00e1vaj\u00fa, \u017ee sa \u010c\u00edna sna\u017e\u00ed z\u00edska\u0165 citliv\u00e9 americk\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie, najm\u00e4 na posilnenie \u010d\u00ednskej arm\u00e1dy a na dosiahnutie cie\u013eov priemyselnej politiky Pekingu. Zdrojom tejto obavy je fakt, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna po\u017eaduje od Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, aby zdie\u013eali svoje technol\u00f3gie, ak chc\u00fa podnika\u0165 na ich \u00fazem\u00ed. T\u00e1to praktika je zn\u00e1ma pod pojmom \u201en\u00faten\u00fd transfer technol\u00f3gi\u00ed<\/em>\u201c. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa v\u0161ak ob\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj mo\u017enej \u0161pion\u00e1\u017ee, ktor\u00fa m\u00e1 \u010c\u00edna \u00fadajne praktizova\u0165 cez americk\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00face \u010d\u00ednske technol\u00f3gie. V ned\u00e1vnej dobe bol preto diskutovan\u00fd aj ban aplik\u00e1cie TikTok. [5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V neposlednom rade je probl\u00e9mom tohto obchodn\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu odmietnutie \u010c\u00edny \u00faplne prija\u0165 demokratick\u00fa transform\u00e1ciu. A hoci \u010d\u00ednski predstavitelia najsk\u00f4r nad\u0161ene implementovali z\u00e1v\u00e4zky Pekingu vo\u010di WTO a vytvorili hlbok\u00fa transform\u00e1ciu ekonomiky a pr\u00e1vneho syst\u00e9mu, \u010d\u00edm v niektor\u00fdch smeroch \u010c\u00edna liberalizovala svoju ekonomiku a t\u00fdm sa vytvoril prosperuj\u00faci s\u00fakromn\u00fd sektor, nikdy \u00faplne neprijala nevidite\u013en\u00fa ruku trhu. \u0160t\u00e1t, ktor\u00e9mu dominuje \u010c\u00ednska komunistick\u00e1 strana, dohliada na ekonomiku prostredn\u00edctvom centralizovan\u00e9ho riadenia \u0161t\u00e1tnych podnikov, kontroly nad finan\u010dn\u00fdmi in\u0161tit\u00faciami a mocnej komisie pre ekonomick\u00e9 pl\u00e1novanie. \u010c\u00ednski l\u00eddri v\u0161ak tvrdia, \u017ee ich syst\u00e9m je nevyhnutn\u00fd na zlep\u0161enie \u017eivota \u010d\u00ednskeho \u013eudu a je v s\u00falade s ekonomick\u00fdmi strat\u00e9giami, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa z\u00e1padn\u00e9 krajiny v podobn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1ch rozvoja. \u010c\u00edna tak zdokonalila model z\u00edskavania z\u00e1padnej technol\u00f3gie a pou\u017e\u00edva ho na rozvoj dom\u00e1cich spolo\u010dnost\u00ed a gigantov a potom ich uvo\u013e\u0148uje na svetov\u00fd trh, kde v tomto bode u\u017e zahrani\u010dn\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti nem\u00f4\u017eu konkurova\u0165. [6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak\u00e1 je bud\u00facnos\u0165 medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho obchodu medzi USA a \u010c\u00ednou?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bidenova ochota pokra\u010dova\u0165 v hospod\u00e1rskej eskal\u00e1cii vo\u010di \u010c\u00edne vyvolala ot\u00e1zky o bud\u00facnosti obchodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov. Ani americk\u00e9 cl\u00e1 na \u010d\u00ednsky tovar, odvetn\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednske cl\u00e1 na americk\u00fd v\u00fdvoz a takisto ani americk\u00e9 kontroly v\u00fdvozu nevykazuj\u00fa zn\u00e1mky toho, \u017ee by sa mali preru\u0161i\u0165. V z\u00e1ujme \u010fal\u0161ej eskal\u00e1cie obchodn\u00e9ho konfliktu by mohli predstavitelia americkej politiky h\u013eada\u0165 vn\u00fatro\u0161t\u00e1tne prostriedky proti \u010c\u00edne. Niektor\u00ed z\u00e1konodarcovia u\u017e predlo\u017eili n\u00e1vrhy z\u00e1konov, ktor\u00e9 by roz\u0161\u00edrili Bidenove investi\u010dn\u00e9 obmedzenia na \u010fal\u0161ie \u010d\u00ednske priemyseln\u00e9 odvetvia. In\u00e9 navrhovan\u00e9 pr\u00e1vne predpisy by vy\u017eadovali, aby sa feder\u00e1lna vl\u00e1da v r\u00e1mci investi\u010dn\u00fdch pl\u00e1nov zbavila \u010d\u00ednskych spolo\u010dnost\u00ed, zatia\u013e \u010do zo strany niektor\u00fdch z\u00e1konodarcov rastie tlak na z\u00e1kaz spolo\u010dnosti TikTok, giganta v oblasti soci\u00e1lnych m\u00e9di\u00ed, ktor\u00fa vlastn\u00ed \u010d\u00ednska spolo\u010dnos\u0165 ByteDance. [7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Niektor\u00ed odborn\u00edci medzit\u00fdm spochybnili, \u010di je syst\u00e9m WTO dostato\u010dn\u00fd na rie\u0161enie s\u0165a\u017enost\u00ed USA a \u010di je \u010d\u00ednsky hospod\u00e1rsky model z\u00e1sadne nezlu\u010dite\u013en\u00fd s pravidlami svetov\u00e9ho obchodu.\u00a0 \u00darad obchodn\u00e9ho splnomocnenca USA (USTR) v ned\u00e1vnej spr\u00e1ve uviedol, \u017ee v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch sa „v\u0161eobecne uzn\u00e1va, \u017ee pravidl\u00e1 WTO nedok\u00e1\u017eu a nem\u00f4\u017eu \u00fa\u010dinne disciplinova\u0165 mnoh\u00e9 z naj\u0161kodlivej\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00ednskych polit\u00edk a prakt\u00edk“.<\/em> V d\u00f4sledku toho USTR zva\u017euje sp\u00f4soby reformy obchodn\u00fdch z\u00e1konov USA s cie\u013eom \u010deli\u0165 t\u00fdmto praktik\u00e1m, uv\u00e1dza sa v spr\u00e1ve. [8] <\/a>Bud\u00facnos\u0165 vz\u0165ahov je teda nejasn\u00e1 a d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u010das\u0165 zohr\u00e1 v\u00fdsledok prezidentsk\u00fdch volieb v USA.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Na z\u00e1ver\u00a0 by sme radi pridali cit\u00e1t profesora Henryho Gaa: „Ak sa sna\u017e\u00edte konkurova\u0165 \u010c\u00edne t\u00fdm, \u017ee sa stanete \u010c\u00ednou, ak\u00fd to m\u00e1 zmysel, aj ke\u010f nakoniec vyhr\u00e1te<\/em>?“ [9]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] Nagashybayeva,G. U.S. Trade with China<\/em>.[online], [cit. 27.12.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/guides.loc.gov\/us-trade-with-china><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] US-China Business Council. How Trade with China Benefits the United States<\/em>. .[online], [cit. 27.12.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.uschina.org\/how-trade-china-benefits-united-states><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] What Happened When China Joined the WTO? <\/em>.[online], [cit. 27.12.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/world101.cfr.org\/global-era-issues\/trade\/what-happened-when-china-joined-wto><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]AUTOR,D. A kol. The China trade shock<\/em>.[online], [cit. 28.12.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: < https:\/\/chinashock.info><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]BERGSTEN,F. The US Trade Deficit and China.<\/em> .[online], [cit. 28.12.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.piie.com\/commentary\/testimonies\/us-trade-deficit-and-china?ResearchID=611><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] CRS. US-China Trade Relations<\/em>.[online], [cit. 28.12.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/row\/IF11284.pdf><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] HILLMAN,J. What\u2019s next for U.S. Trade with China?<\/em> .[online], [cit. 29.12.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/in-brief\/whats-next-us-trade-china><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] USTR. Annual Report on China’s WTO Compliance.<\/em> [online], [cit. 29.12.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/ustr.gov\/about-us\/policy-offices\/press-office\/press-releases\/2022\/february\/ustr-releases-annual-report-chinas-wto-compliance><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] GAO,H. China’s Rise: How It Took on the U.S. at the WTO. [online], [cit. 29.12.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2937965><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ako to cel\u00e9 za\u010dalo Pred rokom 1979 neexistoval medzi USA a \u010c\u00ednou takmer \u017eiadny obchodn\u00fd vz\u0165ah, \u010do bolo sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 preru\u0161en\u00edm vz\u0165ahov zo strany Washingtonu s vtedy komunistickou vl\u00e1dou v Pekingu. V roku 1979 sa vz\u0165ahy podarilo normalizova\u0165, \u010do v nasleduj\u00facich \u0161tyroch desa\u0165ro\u010diach vyvolalo rap\u00eddny n\u00e1rast obchodu. Normaliz\u00e1cia s\u00favisela aj s dlhodob\u00fdm procesom ekonomick\u00fdch reforiem, ktor\u00fd […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[82,85,95,64,87,93,90,91,86,94,88,92],"class_list":["post-969","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy","tag-a","tag-by","tag-cinou","tag-co","tag-mali","tag-medzi","tag-o","tag-obchodnych","tag-ste","tag-usa","tag-vediet","tag-vztahoch"],"yoast_head":"\n\u010co by ste mali vedie\u0165 o obchodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch medzi USA a \u010c\u00ednou - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=969\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u010co by ste mali vedie\u0165 o obchodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch medzi USA a \u010c\u00ednou - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ako to cel\u00e9 za\u010dalo Pred rokom 1979 neexistoval medzi USA a \u010c\u00ednou takmer \u017eiadny obchodn\u00fd vz\u0165ah, \u010do bolo sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 preru\u0161en\u00edm vz\u0165ahov zo strany Washingtonu s vtedy komunistickou vl\u00e1dou v Pekingu. 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