{"id":910,"date":"2024-06-30T20:34:00","date_gmt":"2024-06-30T18:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=910"},"modified":"2024-06-30T18:10:43","modified_gmt":"2024-06-30T16:10:43","slug":"izraelsko-palestinsky-konflikt-skrze-prizmu-jednotlivca-a-sucasnych-izraelskych-vladnych-elit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=910","title":{"rendered":"Izraelsko-palest\u00ednsky konflikt skrze prizmu jednotlivca a s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch izraelsk\u00fdch vl\u00e1dnych el\u00edt"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u201eTo, \u010do postihlo Gazu, je \u013eudsk\u00e1 katastrofa. Vzh\u013eadom na jej zd\u013ahavos\u0165 a krutos\u0165, vzh\u013eadom na to, \u017ee sa neodohr\u00e1va v hmle vojny alebo v nejasnej vzdialenosti, ale za bieleho d\u0148a a v\u0161etk\u00fdm na o\u010diach, vzh\u013eadom na spolu\u00fa\u010das\u0165 mnoh\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, a to nielen prostredn\u00edctvom \u010dinov, ale najm\u00e4 prostredn\u00edctvom opomenutia, je to navy\u0161e v\u00fdrazne zl\u00fd zlo\u010din.\u201c<\/em>[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pre dostato\u010dn\u00e9 obsiahnutie roviny jednotlivca pri analyzovan\u00ed inak viacdimenzion\u00e1lneho a dlhodob\u00e9ho izraelsko-palest\u00ednskeho konfliktu sme uznali za vhodn\u00e9 venova\u0165 sa anal\u00fdze s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch vplyvn\u00fdch izraelsk\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed. \u00da\u010delom tohto pr\u00edspevku nie je detailne reflektova\u0165 \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u2013 \u010dasto rozporupln\u00fd \u2013 diskurz o dejin\u00e1ch a pr\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch konfliktu, no ver\u00edme, \u017ee charakterizovan\u00edm r\u00e9toriky a konania ist\u00fdch jednotlivcov a politick\u00fdch el\u00edt je mo\u017en\u00e9 obohati\u0165 preh\u013ead o problematike, \u010di u\u017e v kontexte najnov\u0161ej eskal\u00e1cie \u2013 a n\u00e1slednej asymetrickej vojenskej reakcie Izraelu \u2013 na \u00fazem\u00ed P\u00e1sma Gazy, alebo v kontexte cel\u00e9ho konfliktu trvaj\u00fac od roku 1948.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benjamin Netanjahu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd izraelsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r a predseda strany Likud Benjamin Netanjahu predstavuje v kontexte konfliktu a anal\u00fdzy skrze rovinu jednotlivca stredov\u00fd bod. Je najdlh\u0161ie sl\u00fa\u017eiacim premi\u00e9rom, pri\u010dom v \u00farade celkovo p\u00f4sobil viac ako 15 rokov \u2013 od roku 1996, kedy bol zvolen\u00fd v pred\u010dasn\u00fdch vo\u013eb\u00e1ch vyvolan\u00fdch po atent\u00e1te premi\u00e9ra a predstavite\u013ea vtedaj\u0161ieho mierov\u00e9ho procesu d\u00f4hod z Osla Yitzhaka Rabina. V dom\u00e1cich kruhoch je \u010dasto vn\u00edman\u00fd ako tvrd\u00fd nacionalista a ne\u00faprosn\u00fd bojovn\u00edk proti terorizmu, ktor\u00fd steles\u0148uje pravicov\u00fa opoz\u00edciu k umiernenej\u0161\u00edm krokom a mierov\u00fdm snah\u00e1m ide\u00ed liber\u00e1lneho sionizmu predo\u0161l\u00fdch vl\u00e1d v spolupr\u00e1ci s palest\u00ednskou politickou reprezent\u00e1ciou. Vo svojom prvom prejave pred americk\u00fdm kongresom v roku 1996 uviedol, \u017ee Izrael na Bl\u00edzkom v\u00fdchode zast\u00e1va mocensk\u00e9, a nie kompromisn\u00e9 postavenie, pri\u010dom svoju r\u00e9toriku podlo\u017eil n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi skriptami.[2]<\/a> Populistick\u00fa r\u00e9toriku v predo\u0161l\u00fdch volebn\u00fdch kampaniach namieril aj vo\u010di izraelsk\u00fdm Arabom, kde voli\u010dov arabsk\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu ozna\u010dil za nebezpe\u010denstvo, ktor\u00e9 \u201eh\u00fafne smeruje do volebn\u00fdch miestnost\u00ed<\/em>,\u201c a \u017ee t\u00fdchto \u013eud\u00ed do nich mali \u00fadajne \u201evozi\u0165 autobusy \u013eavicov\u00fdch mimovl\u00e1dnych organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/em>.\u201c[3]<\/a> V roku 2019 na soci\u00e1lnych sie\u0165ach uviedol, \u017ee Izrael je \u201en\u00e1rodn\u00fdm \u0161t\u00e1tom nie v\u0161etk\u00fdch ob\u010danov, ale iba \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda<\/em>,\u201c \u010d\u00edm nadv\u00e4zoval na rok 2018, v ktorom Likud spolu s in\u00fdmi stranami v parlamente schv\u00e1lila n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona, kt. definuje Izrael ako vlas\u0165 \u017didov a pr\u00e1vo na n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 sebaur\u010denie je \u201ejedine\u010dn\u00e9 pre \u017eidovsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod<\/em>.\u201c[4]<\/a> V ot\u00e1zke bezpe\u010dnosti po\u010das svojho \u010dasu v \u00farade Netanjahu dohliadal nad nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi eskal\u00e1ciami v konflikte so skupinou Hamas. Vojensk\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie Izraelu v P\u00e1sme Gazy \u2013 a z \u010dasti na Z\u00e1padnom brehu Jord\u00e1nu \u2013 si v priemere ro\u010dne vy\u017eiadali stovky \u00famrt\u00ed civilistov, pri\u010dom v roku 2014 po\u010das oper\u00e1cie Ochrann\u00e9 ostrie zahynulo vy\u0161e 2300 palest\u00ednskych civilistov. Mimo vojensk\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 \u010dasto devastuj\u00fa \u017eivoty a civiln\u00fa infra\u0161trukt\u00faru v Gaze,[5]<\/a> mili\u00f3ny Palest\u00edn\u010danov \u017eije v podmienkach, v ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa oproti izraelsk\u00e9mu obyvate\u013estvu systematicky diskriminovan\u00ed, oddelen\u00ed, \u010di fakticky v\u00e4znen\u00ed.[6][7]<\/a> Po \u00fatokoch Hamas v okt\u00f3bri minul\u00e9ho roku si pod\u013ea najaktu\u00e1lnej\u0161\u00edch reportov o\u017eivenie izraelsk\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed Netanjahov\u00fdm nov\u00fdm vojensk\u00fdm kabinetom v Gaze vy\u017eiadalo vy\u0161e 30000 palest\u00ednskych obet\u00ed. Najnov\u0161ie zlo\u017eenie vl\u00e1dy na \u010dele s Netanjahom m\u00f4\u017ee taktie\u017e napoveda\u0165 charakteru tejto oper\u00e1cii a s \u0148ou spojenou vyostrenou r\u00e9torikou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ben Gvir a Becal’el Smotri\u010d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V roku 2022 v snahe z\u00edska\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00fa podporu na zlo\u017eenie novej vl\u00e1dy Netanjahu a Likud uzavreli koali\u010dn\u00fa zmluvu s krajne pravicov\u00fdmi stranami, pri\u010dom do nov\u00e9ho kabinetu pozval Ben Gvira, predstavite\u013ea krajne pravicovej strany Ocma jehudit a Becal’ela Smotri\u010da, predstavite\u013ea krajne pravicovej N\u00e1rodnej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej strany. Obe strany zast\u00e1vaj\u00fa ultranacionalistick\u00fa odno\u017e sionizmu, ktor\u00e1 hl\u00e1sa nadradenos\u0165 \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho obyvate\u013estva \u010di protiarabsk\u00fd rasizmus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ben Gvir, izraelsk\u00fd pr\u00e1vnik obhajuj\u00fac pr\u00e1va izraelsk\u00fdch osadn\u00edkov a s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd minister n\u00e1rodnej bezpe\u010dnosti, je predstavite\u013eom strany s n\u00e1zvom Ocma jehudit (\u017didovsk\u00e1 sila). Strana zast\u00e1va ideol\u00f3giu Kahanizmu, ktor\u00e1 hl\u00e1sa vytvorenie monoetnick\u00e9ho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho teokratick\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu. V roku 2016 sa Gvir v rozhovore s \u010dasopisom Haaretz priznal k \u010derpaniu in\u0161pir\u00e1cie od Meira Kahana, zakladate\u013ea politickej strany a nesk\u00f4r teroristickej organiz\u00e1cie Kach, pri\u010dom na ist\u00fd \u010das bol pred jej postaven\u00edm mimo z\u00e1kona Gvir aj \u010dlenom.[8]<\/a> V minulosti bol taktie\u017e nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t obvinen\u00fd z podnecovania rasizmu vo\u010di Arabom, zasahovania do \u010dinnosti policajtov a pod. Po\u010das svojho ministersk\u00e9ho \u00faradu nariadil z\u00e1kaz pou\u017e\u00edvania palest\u00ednskych vlajok na verejnosti,[9]<\/a> u\u013eah\u010dil vlastn\u00edctvo zbran\u00ed, zmenil pravidl\u00e1 \u010dinnosti pol\u00edcie po\u010das protestov a nepokojov, v ktor\u00fdch m\u00e1 pol\u00edcia menej z\u00e1bran predt\u00fdm, napr\u00edklad m\u00e1 povolenie pou\u017ei\u0165 ostr\u00fa stre\u013ebu.[10]<\/a> V apr\u00edli minul\u00e9ho roku kabinet schv\u00e1lil n\u00e1vrh o vytvoren\u00ed tzv. \u201eN\u00e1rodnej gardy<\/em>\u201c \u2013 policajnej jednotky s vy\u0161e ako 2000 pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edkmi. Jednotka m\u00e1 spolupracova\u0165 s pol\u00edciou a arm\u00e1dou a rie\u0161i\u0165 „ob\u010dianske nepokoje<\/em>„, ako napr\u00edklad propalest\u00ednske protesty, ku ktor\u00fdm doch\u00e1dza v zmie\u0161an\u00fdch \u017eidovsko-arabsk\u00fdch oblastiach. Obavy vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa z toho, \u017ee Gvir m\u00f4\u017ee t\u00fato jednotku vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 k potla\u010deniu ak\u00fdchko\u013evek protivl\u00e1dnych demon\u0161tr\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benny Gantz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arm\u00e1dny gener\u00e1l vo v\u00fdslu\u017ebe a \u010dlen roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9ho vojnov\u00e9ho kabinetu. Gantz predstavuje umiernen\u00fa frakciu v koal\u00edcii stelesnen\u00fa stredopravicovou stranou \u0160t\u00e1tny t\u00e1bor. S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 predvolebn\u00e9 prieskumy nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee t\u00e1to strana por\u00e1\u017ea Likud a mohla by obsadi\u0165 prv\u00e9 miesto. Netanjahu toti\u017e \u010del\u00ed kritike za nezvl\u00e1dnutie bezpe\u010dnostnej situ\u00e1cie po\u010das \u00fatokov v okt\u00f3bri a zmrazen\u00ed rokovan\u00ed o izraelsk\u00fdch rukojemn\u00edkoch.[11]<\/a> Gantz v tomto pr\u00edpade reflektuje \u010diastkov\u00e9 z\u00e1ujmy nemalej \u010dasti izraelskej spolo\u010dnosti, no nepredstavuje ak\u00fdsi radik\u00e1lny odsun od Netanjahov\u00fdch polit\u00edk vo\u010di palest\u00ednskym okupovan\u00fdm terit\u00f3ri\u00e1m a s\u00fa\u010dasnej vojne medzi Izraelom a skupinou Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pri sk\u00faman\u00ed konfliktu skrze rovinu jednotlivca je mo\u017en\u00e9 zaznamena\u0165 nieko\u013eko osobnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 do zna\u010dnej miery ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa jeho dianie. Samozrejme, poskytnut\u00e1 rovina prezentuje len ist\u00fd \u00faryvok a n\u00e1h\u013ead do problematiky, ktor\u00e1 sa pravdepodobne t\u00fdka viac systematick\u00fdch a dlhodob\u00fdch strat\u00e9gi\u00ed. V kontexte Izraelu je t\u00e1to rovina v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti najviac vidite\u013en\u00e1 pri poz\u00edci\u00e1ch nosite\u013eov konkr\u00e9tnych rol\u00ed a predstavite\u013eov \u0161t\u00e1tu. Ak\u00fdko\u013evek jednotlivec v re\u00e1lnej opoz\u00edcii vo\u010di konaniu vojensk\u00e9ho kabinetu je v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti v izraelskej spolo\u010dnosti v priam nevidite\u013enej men\u0161ine. Do istej miery anal\u00fdza potvrdzuje pravidlo, \u017ee vy\u0161\u0161ie funkcie poskytuj\u00fa priestor pre prejavenie osobnosti jednotlivcov. Ak staviame reporty OSN, miestnych vl\u00e1dnych agent\u00far \u010di mimovl\u00e1dnych organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed o podmienkach Palest\u00edn\u010danov a vysokom po\u010dte m\u0155tvych civilistov v posledn\u00fdch mesiacoch proti konaniu spomenut\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov, je potrebn\u00e9 sp\u00fdta\u0165 sa, \u010di ide o \u00faprimn\u00fa mis-percepciu sily Hamasu z \u010doho vypl\u00fdva n\u00e1sledne vyu\u017eitie vojenskej sily Izraela vo\u010di Gaze alebo ide o \u00famyseln\u00e9 anektovanie \u00fazemia, etnick\u00e9 vys\u00edd\u013eovanie, pr\u00edpadne genoc\u00eddu vo\u010di palest\u00ednskemu etniku?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] FINKELSTEIN, N.: Gaza: An Inquest Into Its Martyrdom<\/em>. California: University of California Press, 2018, s. 16.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Israel Prime Minister Speech.<\/em> [online], [cit. 16\/05\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?73411-1\/israel-prime-minister-speech>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] STAFF, T.: Netanyahu\u2019s \u2018Arab droves\u2019 warning may have been decisive in his victory<\/em>. [online], [cit. 07\/04\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/netanyahus-arab-droves-warning-may-have-been-decisive-in-his-victory\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] WINTER, CH.: Israel passes Jewish nation-state bill.<\/em> [online], [cit. 07\/04\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/israel-passes-controversial-jewish-nation-state-bill\/a-44740830>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Gaza infrastructure damages estimated at $18.5bn in UN-World Bank report.<\/em> [online], [cit. 08\/04\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/2\/gaza-infrastructure-damages-estimated-at-18-5-bln-in-un-world-bank-report>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution.<\/em> [online], [cit. 07\/04\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2021\/04\/27\/threshold-crossed\/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Israel\u2019s occupation of Palestinian Territory is \u2018apartheid\u2019: UN rights expert. [online], [cit. 07\/04\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2022\/03\/1114702>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] RUBIN, S.: Itamar Ben Gvir: How an extremist settler became a powerful Israeli minister. [online], [cit. 07\/04\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2023\/02\/15\/israel-ben-gvir-netanyahu-government\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Israel security minister bans Palestinian flag-flying in public. [online], [cit. 07\/04\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2023\/jan\/09\/israel-security-minister-bans-palestinian-flag-flying-in-public>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] ISREAL, D.: AG Gives In, Approves Ben Gvir\u2019s Dramatic Change in Rules of Engagement. [online], [cit. 07\/04\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.jewishpress.com\/news\/police-news\/ag-gives-in-approves-ben-gvirs-dramatic-change-in-rules-of-engagement\/2023\/10\/27\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] Israel\u2019s Gantz challenges Netanyahu with call for election amid Gaza war.<\/em> [online], [cit. 07\/04\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/4\/israels-benny-gantz-pushes-for-september-election-amid-war-on-gaza>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201eTo, \u010do postihlo Gazu, je \u013eudsk\u00e1 katastrofa. 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