{"id":854,"date":"2024-03-31T20:59:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-31T18:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=854"},"modified":"2024-03-31T19:58:38","modified_gmt":"2024-03-31T17:58:38","slug":"erozia-dovery-socialneho-kapitalu-a-demokracie-v-slovenskom-diskurze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=854","title":{"rendered":"Er\u00f3zia d\u00f4very, soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu a demokracie v slovenskom diskurze"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00davod do v\u00fdziev dne\u0161nej reality<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je nespochybnite\u013en\u00fdm faktom, \u017ee \u017eijeme v turbulentn\u00fdch \u010dasoch pozna\u010den\u00fdmi bezprecedentn\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi, ekonomick\u00fdmi a spolo\u010densk\u00fdmi kr\u00edzami, geopolitick\u00fdmi tenziami a dynamick\u00fdmi d\u00f4sledkami rap\u00eddnej globaliz\u00e1cie a kapitalistick\u00e9ho modelu novodob\u00fdch liber\u00e1lnych demokraci\u00ed. In\u00fdmi slovami t\u00e1to dichot\u00f3mia preh\u013abila ekonomick\u00e9 nerovnosti, technologick\u00fd pokrok prin\u00e1\u0161a nov\u00e9 hrozby pre s\u00fakromie a individu\u00e1lnu auton\u00f3miu a vzostup populizmu naru\u0161uje d\u00f4veru v demokratick\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tieto faktory neust\u00e1le v r\u00f4znych podob\u00e1ch a intenci\u00e1ch  zasahuj\u00fa do sf\u00e9r vplyvov n\u00e1\u0161ho ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Agres\u00edvna ma\u0161in\u00e9ria ruskej vojny proti Ukrajine, nehum\u00e1nny konflikt medzi Izraelom a Palest\u00ednou, ekonomick\u00e1, hospod\u00e1rska a energetick\u00e1 kr\u00edza, neut\u00edchaj\u00face v\u00fdzvy migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy, vzostup hrozieb umelej inteligencie a nespo\u010detn\u00e9ho mno\u017estva revolu\u010dn\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch vymo\u017eenost\u00ed, doznievaj\u00face dopady glob\u00e1lnej pand\u00e9mie COVID-19, nepredv\u00eddate\u013en\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy klimatickej kr\u00edzy, potencion\u00e1lne trenice na geopolitickej \u0161achovnici, prerozdelenie mocensk\u00fdch vplyvov v kontexte novodob\u00e9ho usporiadania v sf\u00e9re medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov, vzostup extr\u00e9mizmu, autorit\u00e1rskych tendenci\u00ed a vplyvov reakcion\u00e1rskeho populizmu a zar\u00e1\u017eaj\u00faci stav politickej a soci\u00e1lnej atmosf\u00e9ry, ktor\u00e1 sa ut\u00e1pa v extr\u00e9mnej politickej polariz\u00e1cii, fragment\u00e1cii, dehumaniz\u00e1cii a kr\u00edze du\u0161evn\u00fdch a medzi\u013eudsk\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov. Tieto prekr\u00fdvaj\u00face elementy s\u00fa len delik\u00e1tnym v\u00fdberom z extenz\u00edvneho a potencion\u00e1lne nevy\u010derpate\u013en\u00e9ho listu turbulenci\u00ed dne\u0161nej \u017eitej reality kde n\u00e1jdenie rovnov\u00e1hy medzi individualitou a potrebou soci\u00e1lnej s\u00fadr\u017enosti zost\u00e1va neust\u00e1lym bojom a kardin\u00e1lnym osudom.  <\/em>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tieto razantn\u00e9 udalosti ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa dianie vo svete, prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fa smr\u0161\u0165 neistoty a ot\u00e1zok, no v prvom rade ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa ist\u00fd ide\u00e1l a usporiadanie hodnotov\u00fdch sf\u00e9r demokratick\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed. Slovensk\u00e1 republika v kontexte t\u00fdchto glob\u00e1lnych a univerz\u00e1lnych kr\u00edz nie je \u017eiadnou v\u00fdnimkou. Av\u0161ak, v r\u00e1mci obsahovej \u0161trukt\u00fary tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku mus\u00edme ma\u0165 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na zreteli reflexiu vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho statusu quo <\/em>Slovenska, <\/em>ktor\u00fd k t\u00fdmto kr\u00edzam dlhodobo prin\u00e1\u0161a \u010fal\u0161iu vrstvu rozporov, \u010di u\u017e na hodnotovej, politickej, ekonomickej, alebo spolo\u010denskej \u00farovni.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Er\u00f3zia d\u00f4very<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V r\u00e1mci t\u00fdchto \u00favah, s\u00fa hodnotov\u00e9 elementy fundament\u00e1lnych demokratick\u00fdch princ\u00edpov zalo\u017een\u00fdch na garancii ob\u010dianskych slob\u00f4d, spravodlivosti, tolerancie a d\u00f4very medzi ob\u010danmi, zna\u010dne ovplyvnen\u00e9 u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00fdmi fenom\u00e9nmi. Na tomto mieste je d\u00f4vera navy\u0161e jedn\u00fdm zo z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch pilierov na\u0161ich demokratick\u00fdch re\u017eimov a konceptu soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu. Pr\u00e1ve spomenut\u00e1 d\u00f4vera bude v tejto pr\u00e1ci d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd element, cez ktor\u00fd je mo\u017en\u00e9 determinova\u0165 a sk\u00fama\u0165 \u00farove\u0148 soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu. Pre \u00fa\u010del tejto pr\u00e1ce m\u00f4\u017eeme pova\u017eova\u0165 tieto koncepty za identick\u00e9 v ich nevyhnutnom zmysle pre demokratick\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod\u013ea \u00favah mnoh\u00fdch teoretikov je d\u00f4vera jedn\u00fdm z fundament\u00e1lnych elementov spolupr\u00e1ce medzi jednotlivcami a kolekt\u00edvneho blahobytu, z\u00e1rove\u0148 vy\u0161\u0161ia miera d\u00f4very sa vyzna\u010duje vy\u0161\u0161ou \u017eivotnou spokojnos\u0165ou, ob\u010dianskou particip\u00e1ciou, soci\u00e1lno-ekonomickou prosperitou a lep\u0161\u00edm riaden\u00edm demokratick\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00facii a verejn\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed. [1]<\/a> [2]<\/a> [3]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 d\u00f4vera a jej z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 typol\u00f3gie spolo\u010denskej a in\u0161titucion\u00e1lnej d\u00f4very tvoria z\u00e1klad konceptu soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd ozna\u010duje soci\u00e1lne prepojenia a kolekt\u00edvne hodnoty, ktor\u00e9 podporuj\u00fa reciprocitu, d\u00f4veru a spolupr\u00e1cu v spolo\u010dnosti.[4]<\/a> Koncept soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu a faktor d\u00f4very zost\u00e1va v spolo\u010denskom \u017eivote v d\u00f4sledku s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed ako ve\u013ek\u00e1 t\u00e9ma, ke\u010f\u017ee oba tieto spolo\u010densk\u00e9 kon\u0161trukty predstavuj\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00fd prvok s\u00fadr\u017enosti, blahobytu, stability demokratickej vl\u00e1dy a r\u00f4znych hodn\u00f4t a noriem v r\u00e1mci spolo\u010dnost\u00ed.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017edop\u00e1dne pod\u013ea najnov\u0161\u00edch pozorovan\u00ed z dielne Edelman Trust Barometer poukazuje na deficit glob\u00e1lneho indexu d\u00f4very z roku 2024 s v\u00fdsledkom, ktor\u00fd predstavuje po\u0161ramoten\u00fd obraz d\u00f4very a z\u00e1rove\u0148 historick\u00e9 minimum reflektuj\u00face paradoxn\u00fa spolo\u010densk\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu kde vid\u00edme na jednej strane \u00e9ru prosperity, ale na druhej strane hroz\u00ed, \u017ee probl\u00e9my s d\u00f4verou preh\u013abia spolo\u010densk\u00fa nestabilitu a poved\u00fa k politickej polariz\u00e1cii, ktor\u00e9 zanechaj\u00fa \u010falekosiahle d\u00f4sledky.[5]<\/a> Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 poveda\u0165, \u017ee pokles d\u00f4very nie je v jednotliv\u00fdch regi\u00f3noch sveta jednotne rozlo\u017een\u00fd, no zd\u00e1 sa aj z mnoh\u00fdch in\u00fdch pozorovan\u00ed, \u017ee ide o negat\u00edvny a zhor\u0161uj\u00faci sa glob\u00e1lny trend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diskurz oh\u013eadom d\u00f4very a soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu na Slovensku<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pre kontext tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku je nosn\u00e9 s\u00fastredi\u0165 sa na prostredie Slovenska kde existuje domnienka, \u017ee v krajine ch\u00fdba primeran\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 d\u00f4very a je mo\u017en\u00e9 us\u00fadi\u0165, \u017ee slovensk\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 sa nach\u00e1dza v \u00a0<\/em>pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00facom diskurze ned\u00f4ver\u010divej krajiny<\/em>, alebo krajiny s prebiehaj\u00facou kr\u00edzou d\u00f4very,<\/em>[6]<\/a> v s\u00favislostiach vplyvov r\u00f4znych spolo\u010densk\u00fdch transform\u00e1cii a kr\u00edz. Je podstatn\u00e9 zd\u00f4razni\u0165, \u017ee v aktu\u00e1lnej slovenskej akademickej sf\u00e9re a spolo\u010denskom diskurze absentuj\u00fa relevantn\u00e9 a dlhodob\u00e9 poznatky oh\u013eadom d\u00f4very,\u00a0 soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu a jeho v\u00fdzname pre spolo\u010dnos\u0165, ktor\u00fd je nenahradite\u013en\u00fd v mnoh\u00fdch oblastiach.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017edop\u00e1dne v s\u00favislostiach prebiehaj\u00facich kr\u00edz a v\u00fdziev posledn\u00fdch rokov, ak\u00fdmi bola napr\u00edklad glob\u00e1lna pand\u00e9mia ochorenia COVID-19, m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165 ist\u00fd vzostup akademick\u00fdch a odborn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadii aj v kontexte Slovenska, ktor\u00e9 sa sna\u017eili do istej miery vykresli\u0165 aktu\u00e1lnu situ\u00e1ciu oh\u013eadom t\u00fdchto d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch konceptov.[7]<\/a> [8]<\/a> Z\u00e1very t\u00fdchto \u0161t\u00fadii n\u00e1m m\u00f4\u017eu napoveda\u0165, \u017ee v r\u00e1mci spolo\u010denskej d\u00f4very pozorujeme viacero trendov najm\u00e4 v intenci\u00e1ch dlhodobo pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00facich n\u00edzkych hodnot\u00e1ch v r\u00e1mci spolo\u010denskej d\u00f4very, ktor\u00e1 ostala aj v s\u00favislosti s pand\u00e9miou ochorenia COVID-19 ve\u013emi n\u00edzka \u010do n\u00e1m m\u00f4\u017ee evokova\u0165 aj n\u00edzku mieru soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu. S t\u00fdmto s\u00favisia najm\u00e4 v\u00fdsledky in\u0161titucion\u00e1lnej d\u00f4very, ktor\u00e9 pouk\u00e1zali na podstatne n\u00edzke \u010d\u00edsla d\u00f4very v k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie \u00fastavn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \u010do s\u00favis\u00ed s kontextom mocensk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a kontinu\u00e1lnou politickou nestabilitou, syst\u00e9movou korupciou, a taktie\u017e politickou a spolo\u010denskou polariz\u00e1ciou. Ka\u017edop\u00e1dne k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 je spomen\u00fa\u0165 \u010dasov\u00fd r\u00e1mec pand\u00e9mie ochorenia COVID-19, ktor\u00fd tieto probl\u00e9my e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161mi preh\u013abil a podlomil d\u00f4veru v k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie (vl\u00e1da, parlament) a elity (premi\u00e9r, prezidentka) na najni\u017e\u0161ie pozorovan\u00e9 hodnoty za posledn\u00e9 roky.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdsledky tak\u00fdchto pozorovan\u00ed jednozna\u010dne poukazuj\u00fa na to, \u017ee tak\u00e9to negat\u00edvne ukazovatele na\u0161u spolo\u010dnos\u0165 jednozna\u010dne ohromili v rozmeroch rozvratu politickej situ\u00e1cie a excesov najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch autor\u00edt, ktor\u00e9 prispeli k vy\u0161\u0161ej miere ned\u00f4very, polariz\u00e1cie, utiekaniu sa k \u0161\u00edreniu nepravdiv\u00fdm inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m a napokon, k najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej kr\u00edze, ktor\u00fa na\u0161a spolo\u010dnos\u0165 v nedoh\u013eadnom \u010dase za\u017eila. Tieto udalosti taktie\u017e m\u00f4\u017eeme reflektova\u0165 na dynamiku politick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja, ktor\u00fd viedol k rozpadu vl\u00e1dnej \u0161trukt\u00fary a pred\u010dasn\u00fdm vo\u013eb\u00e1m. To sved\u010d\u00ed o tom, \u017ee stabiln\u00e9 vl\u00e1dnutie vy\u017eaduje element\u00e1rnu \u00farove\u0148 vz\u0165ahov a d\u00f4very, a ak ch\u00fdba hroz\u00ed rozkol a napokon rozvrat.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je viac ne\u017e relevantn\u00e9 domnieva\u0165 sa, \u017ee tieto mnohon\u00e1sobn\u00e9 dopady bud\u00fa e\u0161te dlho zanech\u00e1va\u0165 cite\u013en\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky na \u013eudsk\u00fdch \u017eivotoch a spolo\u010denskej \u0161trukt\u00fare, ktor\u00fdch zmiernenie je v s\u00favislosti s preuk\u00e1zanou a signifikantne n\u00edzkou mierou d\u00f4very a soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu v nedoh\u013eadne. Na\u0161trben\u00e9 hodnoty v zmysle in\u0161titucion\u00e1lnej alebo medzi\u013eudskej d\u00f4very, \u010di\u017ee v tomto kontexte indik\u00e1torov soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu, pretrv\u00e1vali pred pand\u00e9miou ochorenia COVID-19 a po\u010das nej za\u017eili pokles z d\u00f4vodu jej nezvratn\u00fdch dopadov. Tieto s\u00favislosti st\u00e1li za zrodom aktu\u00e1lnej atmosf\u00e9ry kde vid\u00edme ohromen\u00fa a polarizovan\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165, n\u00e1rast extr\u00e9mistick\u00fdch postojov, populizmu, odklonu od liber\u00e1lno- demokratick\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t, a t\u00e1panie v h\u013eadan\u00ed vlastnej identity v \u010doraz turbulentnej\u0161om soci\u00e1lnom a politickom kontexte. To v\u0161etko je pozna\u010den\u00e9 aj mierou d\u00f4very a soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu, ktor\u00e1 ost\u00e1va e\u0161te ni\u017e\u0161ia a zanech\u00e1va rany na na\u0161ej spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00fdch d\u00f4sledky e\u0161te nem\u00f4\u017eeme ani len do plnej miery odhadn\u00fa\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V ka\u017edom pr\u00edpade tieto v\u00fdsledky odzrkad\u013eovali najm\u00e4 dopady glob\u00e1lnej pand\u00e9mie ochorenia COVID-19, no ako bolo spomenut\u00e9 v \u00favode tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku svet a slovensk\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 stoj\u00ed na kri\u017eovatke nov\u00fdch bezprecedentn\u00fdch kr\u00edz, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu svojimi vplyvmi t\u00fato u\u017e beztak na\u0161trben\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu rap\u00eddne transformova\u0165.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aktu\u00e1lna situ\u00e1cia a v\u00fdzvy oh\u013eadom demokracie\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z predo\u0161l\u00fdch zisten\u00ed je na mieste poveda\u0165, \u017ee slovensk\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 bezpochyby potvrdzuje spom\u00ednan\u00fd a nelichotiv\u00fd narat\u00edv ned\u00f4ver\u010divej krajiny<\/em>. \u010co je ale v poslednom \u010dase omnoho hor\u0161ie, je vykreslenie situ\u00e1cie oh\u013eadom aktu\u00e1lnej spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho a politick\u00e9ho diania odzrkad\u013euj\u00faceho stav fundament\u00e1lnych demokratick\u00fdch ide\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e9 id\u00fa ruka v ruke s princ\u00edpmi d\u00f4very a soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu. Tu mus\u00edme spomen\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee d\u00f4vera, rovnako ako soci\u00e1lny kapit\u00e1l, vn\u00e1\u0161a r\u00f4znorod\u00e9 individu\u00e1lne a kolekt\u00edvne benefity do na\u0161ich spolo\u010dnost\u00ed. V tomto zmysle m\u00f4\u017eeme interpretova\u0165 aj K. Newtona<\/em>,[9]<\/a> ktor\u00fd apeluje na d\u00f4veru ako na hlavn\u00fa zlo\u017eku soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd je nevyhnutnou predispoz\u00edciou soci\u00e1lnej integr\u00e1cie, ekonomickej \u00fa\u010dinnosti, prosperity a stability demokratick\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed. \u017divot bez hodn\u00f4t t\u00fdchto konceptov, alebo v ich absencii by\u00a0 bol nezn\u00e1\u0161anliv\u00fd a s najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou nemo\u017en\u00fd. Napokon v\u010faka t\u00fdmto konceptom m\u00f4\u017eeme naplno vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 silu slobody, dobrej v\u00f4le, inteligencie, soci\u00e1lnej integr\u00e1cie, harm\u00f3nie a spolupr\u00e1ce ,ktor\u00e9 u\u013eah\u010duj\u00fa a definuj\u00fa \u017eivot a hodnoty demokratickej spolo\u010dnosti,[10]<\/a> ktor\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148 reflektuj\u00fa aj trad\u00edciu a hodnotov\u00e9 r\u00e1mce humanizmu. Preto je relevantn\u00e9 us\u00fadi\u0165, \u017ee d\u00f4vera je rovnako ako demokracia cennou hodnotou, ktor\u00e9 mo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165 za ist\u00fd spolo\u010densk\u00fd benefit.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017edop\u00e1dne t\u00fdmto smerujeme k \u00favodu v ktorom bolo nazna\u010den\u00e9, \u017ee tak\u00fdto spolo\u010densk\u00fd benefit v zmysle demokratickej spolo\u010dnosti naplnenej hodnotami d\u00f4very a soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu sa na glob\u00e1lnej \u00farovni rozpad\u00e1va a \u010del\u00ed mnoh\u00fdm prek\u00e1\u017ekam. Tak\u00e9to postoje reflektuje aj napr\u00edklad mimovl\u00e1dna organiz\u00e1cia GLOBSEC[11]<\/a> ktor\u00e1 r\u00e1mcuje obavy, alebo sk\u00f4r v\u00fdzvy, ktor\u00e9 svojou podstatou podnecuj\u00fa najm\u00e4 rozmery neut\u00edchaj\u00facej ruskej agresie a vn\u00fatropolitick\u00e9 boje, ktor\u00e9 prispievaj\u00fa k n\u00edzkej \u00farovni d\u00f4very vo verejn\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 je ve\u013ekou prek\u00e1\u017ekou siln\u00e1 n\u00e1klonnos\u0165 k manipulat\u00edvnym postojom, ktor\u00e9 podkop\u00e1vaj\u00fa demokraciu, odolnos\u0165 spolo\u010dnosti a soci\u00e1lnu s\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165 \u010do podnecuje zranite\u013enos\u0165 vo\u010di hospod\u00e1rskym, politick\u00fdm a soci\u00e1lnym zm\u00e4tkom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak sa ale znova raz zameriame na slovensk\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165, tieto obavy a trendy odzrkad\u013euj\u00fa politick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1lne dianie posledn\u00fdch mesiacov, ktor\u00e9 zd\u00e1 sa spom\u00ednan\u00e1 glob\u00e1lna pand\u00e9mia ochorenia COVID-19 a jej d\u00f4sledky do istej miery na\u0161tartovali do nelichotiv\u00fdch rozmerov. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod\u013ea najnov\u0161\u00edch zisten\u00ed oh\u013eadom stavu demokracie a pr\u00e1vneho \u0161t\u00e1tu na Slovensku pozorujeme stagn\u00e1ciu progresu v kontexte s\u00fadneho syst\u00e9mu, protikorup\u010dn\u00fdch r\u00e1mcov a dokonca nebad\u00e1me \u017eiaden pokrok v oblastiach medi\u00e1lneho prostredia s \u010d\u00edm s\u00favis\u00ed aj obava o slobodu prejavu a dostupnos\u0165 inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, \u010fal\u0161ou oblas\u0165ou je s\u00favislos\u0165 s kontrolou a de\u013ebou moci kde vid\u00edme tendencie sk\u00f4r moc uzurpova\u0165, a napokon vid\u00edme regres r\u00e1mca podporuj\u00faceho ob\u010diansku spolo\u010dnos\u0165 a syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 ohrozenie ot\u00e1zky \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, napr\u00edklad v kontexte d\u00e9moniz\u00e1cie LGBTI skup\u00edn.[12]<\/a> T\u00e1to s\u00fahra jednozna\u010dne vytv\u00e1ra r\u00e1mec, ktor\u00fd ohrozuje fundament\u00e1lne elementy demokracie na Slovensku. K t\u00fdmto elementom mus\u00edme zaradi\u0165 aj \u010fal\u0161ie v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 trendy, ktor\u00e9 znova poukazuj\u00fa na negat\u00edvne konot\u00e1cie. Jedn\u00e1 sa najm\u00e4 o nestabiln\u00fa spr\u00e1vu vec\u00ed verejn\u00fdch, ktor\u00e1 odzrkad\u013euje najm\u00e4 u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00fd p\u00e1d vl\u00e1dy a najm\u00e4 bezprecedentn\u00e9 podkop\u00e1vanie transatlantick\u00fdch v\u00e4zieb Slovenska a spom\u00ednan\u00fdch elementov demokracie \u010do gradu\u00e1le prispelo k n\u00edzkej d\u00f4vere vo verejn\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie a negat\u00edvne vn\u00edman\u00e9mu poklesu podpory pre Ukrajinu a podpory \u010dlenstva v \u0161trukt\u00farach Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie (E\u00da) a Organiz\u00e1cie Severoatlantickej zmluvy (NATO) s \u010d\u00edm s\u00favisia \u0161kodliv\u00e9 dezinforma\u010dn\u00e9 narat\u00edvy v r\u00f4znych oblastiach a podob\u00e1ch, a nakoniec o\u010dividn\u00e9 odmietanie n\u00e1zorov, \u017ee liber\u00e1lna demokracia je pre na\u0161u spolo\u010dnos\u0165 prospe\u0161n\u00e1.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V podobnom duchu m\u00f4\u017eeme interpretova\u0165 aj v\u00fdsledky ned\u00e1vneho Eurobarometra[14]<\/a> z jesene 2023 v ktorom je vidie\u0165, \u017ee o nie\u010do viac ako polovica Slov\u00e1kov je nespokojn\u00e1 s t\u00fdm, ako u n\u00e1s funguje demokracia, \u010do odr\u00e1\u017ea u\u017e mnohokr\u00e1t spom\u00ednan\u00e9 probl\u00e9my vojny proti Ukrajine, v\u00fdvoj na geopolitickej \u00farovni, ,migra\u010dn\u00e9 sentimenty, ekonomick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj a politick\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu, ktor\u00e9 podnecuj\u00fa neistoty a podkop\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj spom\u00ednan\u00e9 hodnoty d\u00f4very. Tieto d\u00e1ta pouk\u00e1zali u\u017e aj na fakt, \u017ee Slovensko po pred\u010dasn\u00fdch parlamentn\u00fdch vo\u013eb\u00e1ch a \u00faradn\u00edckej vl\u00e1de, ktor\u00fdm predch\u00e1dzali spom\u00ednan\u00e9 politick\u00e9,\u00a0 spolo\u010densk\u00e9 a glob\u00e1lne excesy m\u00e1 nov\u00fa vl\u00e1du. Paradoxne v\u00fdvoj d\u00f4very vo Vl\u00e1du Slovenskej republiky kop\u00edruje v\u00fdvoj d\u00f4very ob\u010danov v parlament, ktor\u00e9 poukazuj\u00fa na zlep\u0161enie \u00farovne d\u00f4very v tieto k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie,[15]<\/a> no treba zoh\u013eadni\u0165 fakt, \u017ee tak\u00fdto v\u00fdvoj je pod\u013ea mnoh\u00fdch pozorovan\u00ed be\u017en\u00fd a pri dynamike a neistote aktu\u00e1lneho spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho, glob\u00e1lneho a vn\u00fatropolitick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja nem\u00f4\u017eeme o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165 rap\u00eddne zlep\u0161enie. Pr\u00e1ve naopak tieto neust\u00e1le objavuj\u00face sa inform\u00e1cie len podporuj\u00fa zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fa ohrozenos\u0165 demokracie, ktor\u00fa sme interpretovali sk\u00f4r skrz nazeranie na spom\u00ednan\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie a pozorovania oh\u013eadom er\u00f3zie d\u00f4very vis a vis<\/em> soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu v na\u0161om spolo\u010denskom priestore.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bohu\u017eia\u013e pri na\u0161om \u010fal\u0161om b\u00e1dan\u00ed te\u00f3rie a praxe soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu a d\u00f4very ako fundamentov d\u00f4very nar\u00e1\u017eame aj napriek u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00fdm negat\u00edvnym trendom na \u010doraz viac trec\u00edch l\u00ednii s slovenskej spolo\u010dnosti. Nar\u00e1\u017eame na \u010fal\u0161\u00ed aspekt, ktor\u00fd \u00fazko s\u00favis\u00ed s pozorovan\u00fdmi konceptmi. Na Slovensku m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165 pod\u013ea najnov\u0161\u00edch d\u00e1t z dielne Sociologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Slovenskej Akad\u00e9mie Vied (SAV),[16]<\/a> \u017ee zhruba jedna \u0161tvrtina popul\u00e1cie je signifikantne ovplyvnen\u00e1 veri\u0165 dezinform\u00e1ci\u00e1m a \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdm kon\u0161pirat\u00edvnym narat\u00edvom, najm\u00e4 o st\u00e1le k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch t\u00e9mach ako glob\u00e1lna pand\u00e9mia COVID-19, vedeck\u00e9 fakty, sprisahania, kon\u0161pir\u00e1cie oh\u013eadom protiz\u00e1padn\u00fdch sentimentov a k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 postoje oh\u013eadom Ruska a agresie vo\u010di Ukrajine. Bohu\u017eia\u013e z t\u00fdchto pozorovan\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eeme vy\u010d\u00edta\u0165 aj smutn\u00fd fakt, \u017ee slovensk\u00ed respondenti oh\u013eadom spom\u00ednan\u00fdch kon\u0161pira\u010dn\u00fdch te\u00f3rii ukazuj\u00fa najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed podiel s\u00fahlasu so skup\u00edn kraj\u00edn V4 (Slovensko, \u010cesko, Po\u013esko, Ma\u010farsko).[17]<\/a> To len pod\u010diarkuje probl\u00e9m s inklin\u00e1ciou slovenskej spolo\u010dnosti veri\u0165 kon\u0161pira\u010dn\u00fdm te\u00f3ri\u00e1m a klamstv\u00e1m. S t\u00fdmto faktom n\u00e1sledne s\u00favis\u00ed aj zistenie, \u017ee \u010d\u00edtanie a spoliehanie sa na tak\u00e9to zdroje m\u00e9di\u00ed vedie k zni\u017eovaniu d\u00f4very v in\u0161tit\u00facie a podnecuje k polariz\u00e1cii spolo\u010dnosti.[18]<\/a> Tieto skuto\u010dnosti ved\u00fa a\u017e k zisteniam, \u017ee ob\u010dania Slovenska najviac veria kon\u0161pira\u010dn\u00fdm spr\u00e1vam a dezinform\u00e1ci\u00e1m v eur\u00f3pskom regi\u00f3ne; \u010do poukazuje na obrovsk\u00fd spolo\u010densk\u00fd probl\u00e9m a pr\u00ed\u010dinu mor\u00e1lnych ob\u00e1v o piliere demokratickej spolo\u010dnosti.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V tomto bode je jedn\u00fdm z kritick\u00fdch ukazovate\u013eov vzdelanie, medi\u00e1lna a informa\u010dn\u00e1 gramotnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 signifikantne zlep\u0161uje kritick\u00e9 myslenie, tieto ukazovatele\u00a0 bezprostredne s\u00favisia s d\u00f4verou, stabilitou a odolnos\u0165ou demokratick\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed a pom\u00e1haj\u00fa bojova\u0165 proti vy\u0161\u0161ie spom\u00ednan\u00fdm \u0161kodliv\u00fdm manipulat\u00edvnym narat\u00edvom a dezinform\u00e1ci\u00e1m.[20]<\/a> Ka\u017edop\u00e1dne napr\u00edklad ned\u00e1vne v\u00fdsledky slovensk\u00fdch \u017eiakov v medzin\u00e1rodnom testovan\u00ed (PISA) poukazuj\u00fa na funk\u010dn\u00fa negramotnos\u0165 \u010do poukazuje na riziko manipul\u00e1cie a vy\u0161\u0161ej tendencie inklinova\u0165 k dezinform\u00e1ci\u00e1m,[21]<\/a> \u010do v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku bezprecedentne ohrozuje samotn\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 piliere a napokon aj d\u00f4veru a soci\u00e1lny kapit\u00e1l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017edop\u00e1dne mus\u00edme uzna\u0165, \u017ee za inklin\u00e1ciou k t\u00fdmto negat\u00edvnym ukazovate\u013eom je v\u017edy komplexn\u00e9 prepojenie a s\u00fahra sk\u00fasenosti, soci\u00e1lnej a ekonomickej kl\u00edme, politickoideologick\u00fdch preferenci\u00ed, ako aj aktu\u00e1lnym fenom\u00e9nom a mimoriadnym kr\u00edzov\u00fdm situ\u00e1ci\u00e1m v kontexte geopolitickej situ\u00e1cie a sf\u00e9r vplyvov globalizovan\u00e9ho sveta, ktor\u00fdch konkr\u00e9tne d\u00f4sledky a trajekt\u00f3rie nem\u00f4\u017eeme ani len z\u010faleka predv\u00edda\u0165.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver a orient\u00e1cia na bud\u00facnos\u0165<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je nevyhnutnos\u0165ou kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee aktu\u00e1lny v\u00fdvoj oh\u013eadom spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1dob demokratick\u00fdch pilierov, d\u00f4very a soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu pozorujeme negat\u00edvne glob\u00e1lne trendy ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 r\u00f4znymi narat\u00edvmi s negativistick\u00fdm podt\u00f3nom ako: er\u00f3zia d\u00f4very, kr\u00edza d\u00f4very, n\u00e1rodn\u00e1 trag\u00e9dia, alebo spolo\u010dnos\u0165 ned\u00f4very<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 indikuj\u00fa ohrozenie politickej, soci\u00e1lnej a ekonomickej \u0161trukt\u00fary krajiny a taktie\u017e d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 praxe soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu a d\u00f4very. Tomuto v\u00fdvoju sa pod\u013ea spom\u00ednan\u00fdch ukazovate\u013eov a pozorovan\u00ed nevyhla ani slovensk\u00e1 spolo\u010densk\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara, ktor\u00e1 sa aktu\u00e1lne top\u00ed v na\u0161trbenej s\u00fadr\u017enosti a vz\u0165ahu k fundament\u00e1lnym demokratick\u00fdm pilierom.  <\/em>V ka\u017edom pr\u00edpade akoko\u013evek nazveme tento fenom\u00e9n je o\u010dividn\u00e9, \u017ee d\u00f4vera a soci\u00e1lny kapit\u00e1l kles\u00e1. Kles\u00e1 medzi \u013eu\u010fmi, medzi \u013eu\u010fmi a ich vl\u00e1dami a radom spolo\u010densk\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed, v sf\u00e9rach m\u00e9di\u00ed, dom\u00e1cej politiky a napokon aj v najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch komunit\u00e1ch.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na tomto mieste sa nejeden kritick\u00fd hlas m\u00f4\u017ee relevantne do\u017eadova\u0165 odpovede na ot\u00e1zku,\u00a0 \u010di je mo\u017en\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto negat\u00edvnych mantinelov komplexnosti dne\u0161n\u00e9ho spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho sveta vyst\u00fapi\u0165. Aktu\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vy napr\u00edklad aj o stave du\u0161evn\u00e9ho zdravia v slovenskej spolo\u010dnosti\u00a0 odzrkad\u013euj\u00fa jej stav a poukazuj\u00fa na nespokojnos\u0165, strach, obavy, inklin\u00e1ciu k nen\u00e1visti, pocitu bezmocnosti, nez\u00e1ujmu, vulgariz\u00e1cii a podriadeniu sa manipul\u00e1cii.[22]<\/a> Tieto ukazovatele\u00a0 v kombin\u00e1cii a s\u00fahre so \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi a komplexn\u00fdmi dopadmi soci\u00e1lnych siet\u00ed a potencialitami novodob\u00fdch technol\u00f3gii v podobe umelej inteligencie, osamelosti a soci\u00e1lnej izol\u00e1cie od komun\u00edt a spolo\u010densk\u00fdch pilierov,[23]<\/a> neposkytuj\u00fa najlep\u0161ie vyhliadky do bud\u00facna. Ak k tomu prir\u00e1tame spomenut\u00e9 faktory ohrozenia a rozvratu demokracie ilustrovan\u00e9 v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku mus\u00edme definit\u00edvne uzna\u0165, \u017ee na\u0161a spolo\u010dnos\u0165 sa nach\u00e1dza v neistote, polariz\u00e1cii, no najm\u00e4 hlbokom \u00fapadku soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu, d\u00f4very, er\u00f3zie demokracie a medzi\u013eudsk\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017edop\u00e1dne je relevantn\u00e9 domnieva\u0165 sa, \u017ee v mozaike aktu\u00e1lnych spolo\u010densk\u00fdch turbulenci\u00ed bude nevyhnutn\u00fdm krokom v bud\u00facnosti pokra\u010dova\u0165 v roz\u0161irovan\u00ed znalost\u00ed a sk\u00famaniu t\u00fdchto konceptov vo svetle r\u00f4znorod\u00fdch fenom\u00e9nov a v\u00fdziev, ktor\u00e9 jednozna\u010dne pozna\u010duj\u00fa na\u0161e spolo\u010dnosti v r\u00f4znych smeroch, no pr\u00e1ve v\u010faka budovaniu soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu a d\u00f4very m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 zmiernen\u00e9. V tomto bode k z\u00e1veru m\u00f4\u017eeme na\u010drtn\u00fa\u0165 \u0161t\u00fadiu, ktor\u00e1\u00a0 vid\u00ed obnovu d\u00f4very a soci\u00e1lnej s\u00fadr\u017enosti, \u010di\u017ee aj soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu prijat\u00edm nieko\u013ek\u00fdch konkr\u00e9tnych r\u00e1mcov, ktor\u00e9 by jednozna\u010dne mohli pom\u00f4c\u0165 aj slovensk\u00e9mu kontextu vymani\u0165 sa zo spleti spomenut\u00fdch negat\u00edvnych a destabilizuj\u00facich d\u00f4sledkov a ob\u00e1v. Pod\u013ea Kristen M. Lord <\/em>[24]<\/a> by definovanie tak\u00fdchto r\u00e1mcov malo zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 uistenie, \u017ee politick\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie s\u00fa efekt\u00edvne a u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 pre spolo\u010dnos\u0165 s \u010d\u00edm s\u00favis\u00ed aj vidina l\u00eddrov, ktor\u00ed pracuj\u00fa pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie dobro, a nie na \u00fakor seba, \u010d\u00edm by sa posilnila a ukotvila zodpovednos\u0165 a transparentnos\u0165 procesov bez hrozby korupcie, nemenej d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je implement\u00e1cia ob\u010danov do rie\u0161enia komunitn\u00fdch a spolo\u010densk\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov, s \u010d\u00edm ide ruka v ruke posilnenie soci\u00e1lneho za\u010dlenenia bez rizika diskrimin\u00e1cie, zaujatosti a ohrozenia fundament\u00e1lnych \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a pilierov demokracie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nakoniec rozvojom a podporou iniciat\u00edv, ktor\u00e9 buduj\u00fa d\u00f4veru m\u00f4\u017eeme vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 piliere, ktor\u00e9 prispievaj\u00fa k v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej d\u00f4vere, no te\u00f3ria a prax d\u00f4very a soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu na Slovensku poukazuje, \u017ee vidina t\u00fdchto mechanizmov pri aktu\u00e1lnych v\u00fdzvach bude nesmierne \u0165a\u017ekou prek\u00e1\u017ekou. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toto posolstvo m\u00f4\u017eeme pova\u017eova\u0165 za signifikantne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, preto\u017ee ak strat\u00edme v\u00edziu a n\u00e1dej obnovy demokratick\u00fdch ide\u00e1lov, \u013eudskosti a udr\u017eania d\u00f4very riskujeme, \u017ee na\u0161e spolo\u010dnosti bud\u00fa \u010deli\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00edm a \u010doraz v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm kr\u00edzam, kde bude absencia reciprocity, vz\u00e1jomnej d\u00f4very a soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu nar\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 a ohrozova\u0165 prosperitu, soci\u00e1lnu harm\u00f3niu a napokon aj \u013eudsk\u00e9 \u017eivoty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] PUTNAM, R.: Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital<\/em>. In :Journal of Democracy 6(1)\/ 1995, s. 65-78.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] VAN DER MEER T. W. G., & ZMERLI, S. : The deeply rooted concern with political trust<\/em>. In :ZMERLI, S., & VAN DER MEER, T.W.G. (eds.): Handbook on political trust. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017, s. 1- 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] CASTIGLIONE, D., VAN DETH, J. W., WOLLEB, G. (eds.): The handbook of social capital<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press on Demand, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] PUTNAM, R.: Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital<\/em>. In :Journal of Democracy 6(1)\/ 1995, s. 65-78.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] EDELMAN.: 2024 Edelman Trust Barometer<\/em>. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :<https:\/\/www.edelman.com\/news-awards\/2024-edelman-trust-barometer> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] GRE\u017dO, M. (ed.): Kr\u00edza d\u00f4very: Te\u00f3ria a v\u00fdskum<\/em>. Bratislava: IRIS-Vydavate\u013estvo a tla\u010d s.r.o, 2020. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Pozri napr\u00edklad: PETRU\u0160, A.: Dopady pand\u00e9mie COVID19 na soci\u00e1lny kapit\u00e1l a d\u00f4veru na Slovensku (bakal\u00e1rska pr\u00e1ca)<\/em>. Bratislava: Univerzita Komensk\u00e9ho v Bratislave, 2023. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete:<https:\/\/opac.crzp.sk\/fn=detailBiblioFormChildM1A1C0&sid=9CB04A0EB3E2DA9147988C0E204E&seo=CR ZP-detail-kniha><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] MRVA,M.: D\u00f4vera alebo obavy? S\u00favislosti ochoty dodr\u017eiava\u0165 protipandemick\u00e9 opatrenia na Slovensku<\/em>. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete:<https:\/\/www.sav.sk\/journals\/uploads\/02101612MRVA_Dovera_alebo_obavy_Suvislosti_ochoty_dodrziavat_pro tipandemicke_opatrenia_na_Slovensku_1_2023.pdf><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] NEWTON, K.: Trust, social capital, civil society, and democracy<\/em>. In : International political science review. 22(2)\/ 2001, s. 201-214.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] WARREN, E.M.: What kinds of trust does a democracy need ? Trust from the perspective of democratic theory<\/em>. In : ZMERLI, S., & VAN DER MEER, T.W.G. (eds.) : Handbook on political trust. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017, s. 33-53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] GLOBSEC.: GLOBSEC Trends 2023: United we (still) stand<\/em> . [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete : <https:\/\/www.globsec.org\/what-we-do\/publications\/globsec-trends-2023-united-we-still-stand><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12] THE CIVIL LIBERTIES FOR EUROPEAN UNION (LIBERTIES).: Governments Shrug Off Democratic Oversight<\/em>: EU Rule of Law Report By 37 NGOs<\/em>. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :<https:\/\/dq4n3btxmr8c9.cloudfront.net\/files\/oj7hht\/Liberties_Rule_Of_Law_Report_2024_FULL.pdf> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13] GLOBSEC.: GLOBSEC Trends 2023: United we (still) stand<\/em> . [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete : <https:\/\/www.globsec.org\/what-we-do\/publications\/globsec-trends-2023-united-we-still-stand><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14] EUROPEAN UNION.: Standard Eurobarometer 100 – Autumn 2023<\/em>. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :< https:\/\/europa.eu\/eurobarometer\/surveys\/detail\/3053><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15] EUROPEAN UNION.: Standard Eurobarometer 100 – Autumn 2023. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :< https:\/\/europa.eu\/eurobarometer\/surveys\/detail\/3053><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16] SLOVENSK\u00c1 AKAD\u00c9MIA VIED (SAV).: POMER PRIAZNIVCOV A ODPORCOV KON\u0160PIR\u00c1CI\u00cd V SLOVENSKEJ SPOLO\u010cNOSTI<\/em>. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :<https:\/\/www.sav.sk\/index.php?lang=sk&doc=services-news&source_no=20&news_no=11725><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17] SLOVENSK\u00c1 AKAD\u00c9MIA VIED (SAV).: PR\u00cdVR\u017dENCI KON\u0160PIR\u00c1CI\u00cd V KRAJIN\u00c1CH V4 NIE S\u00da ROVNAK\u00cd, D\u00d4LE\u017dIT\u00da \u00daLOHU ZOHR\u00c1VAJ\u00da POLITICK\u00c9 PREFERENCIE<\/em>. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete : <https:\/\/www.sav.sk\/?lang=sk&doc=services-news&source_no=20&news_no=11756><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18] HAJDU,D., KLINGOV\u00c1, K.: Vn\u00edmanie demokracie a\u202fkon\u0161pir\u00e1ci\u00ed na Slovensku<\/em>. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :< https:\/\/www.globsec.org\/publications\/vnimanie-demokracie-a-konspiracii-naslovensku\/><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19] INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC DIALOGUE (ISD). : On Facebook, Content Denying Russian Atrocities in Bucha is More Popular than the Truth<\/em>. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :< https:\/\/www.isdglobal.org\/digital_dispatches\/on-facebook-content-denying-russian-atrocities-in-bucha-is-morepopular-than-the-truth\/><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20] 0 LORD,M,K., VOGT,K.: Strengthen Media Literacy to Win the Fight Against Misinformation<\/em>. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :<https:\/\/ssir.org\/articles\/entry\/strengthen_media_literacy_to_win_the_fight_against_misinformation><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21] SME.: Slovensk\u00ed \u017eiaci v medzin\u00e1rodnom testovan\u00ed prepadli. Drucker ozna\u010dil v\u00fdsledky za n\u00e1rodn\u00fa trag\u00e9diu<\/em>. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :< https:\/\/domov.sme.sk\/c\/23252890\/vysledky-slovenskychziakov-v-merani-pisa-2022-su-tragicke-vyhlasil-drucker.html><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22] J\u00c1NO\u0160OV\u00c1, S.: Slovensko \u2013 kr\u00e1sna krajina pln\u00e1 ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed (koment\u00e1r). [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :< https:\/\/komentare.sme.sk\/c\/23298613\/slovensko-krasna-krajina-plna-nestastnych-ludikomentar.html><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23] SHULSKY, A.: Budeme \u010doraz osamelej\u0161\u00ed ? In: T\u00fd\u017ede\u0148. 1. marec 2024, s. 26-27.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24] LORD,M, K.: Six Ways to Repair Declining Social Trust. [online], [cit. 25\/03\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete :< https:\/\/ssir.org\/articles\/entry\/six_ways_to_repair_declining_social_trust#><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00davod do v\u00fdziev dne\u0161nej reality Je nespochybnite\u013en\u00fdm faktom, \u017ee \u017eijeme v turbulentn\u00fdch \u010dasoch pozna\u010den\u00fdmi bezprecedentn\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi, ekonomick\u00fdmi a spolo\u010densk\u00fdmi kr\u00edzami, geopolitick\u00fdmi tenziami a dynamick\u00fdmi d\u00f4sledkami rap\u00eddnej globaliz\u00e1cie a kapitalistick\u00e9ho modelu novodob\u00fdch liber\u00e1lnych demokraci\u00ed. 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