{"id":848,"date":"2024-03-31T20:57:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-31T18:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848"},"modified":"2024-03-31T19:59:45","modified_gmt":"2024-03-31T17:59:45","slug":"odkaz-osvietenstva-koniec-autokracie-nech-zije-lud-thomas-paine-john-stuart-mill","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848","title":{"rendered":"\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva – koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1 Problematika Osvietenstva<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak chceme hovori\u0165 o konci autokracie, mus\u00edme spomen\u00fa\u0165 aj absolutizmus. Osvietenstvo je protivn\u00edk absolutizmu. Absolutizmus, politick\u00e1 doktr\u00edna a prax neobmedzenej centralizovanej autority a absol\u00fatnej suverenity, ktor\u00e1 je zveren\u00e1 najm\u00e4 panovn\u00edkovi alebo dikt\u00e1torovi. Podstatou absolutistick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu je, \u017ee vl\u00e1dnuca moc nepodlieha regul\u00e1rnemu spochyb\u0148ovaniu alebo kontrole \u017eiadnou inou agent\u00farou, \u010di u\u017e s\u00fadnou, legislat\u00edvnou, n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou, ekonomickou alebo volebnou. Franc\u00fazsky kr\u00e1\u013e \u013dudov\u00edt XIV. poskytol najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie tvrdenie o absolutizme, ke\u010f povedal: „L’\u00e9tat, c’est moi“ („Ja som \u0161t\u00e1t“).[1]<\/a> Absolutizmus, zn\u00e1my aj ako „bo\u017esk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo kr\u00e1\u013ea,“ posil\u0148oval moc monarchov na \u00fakor ob\u010dianskych slob\u00f4d a pr\u00e1v jednotlivcov. Osvietenstvo, na druhej strane, zd\u00f4raz\u0148ovalo d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 rozumu, racionality a z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je aj na\u010drtn\u00fa\u0165 vz\u0165ah osvietenstva a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva a vz\u0165ah cirkvi k \u0161t\u00e1tu. Ke\u010f\u017ee osvietenstvo podporovalo pokrok a techniku, ne\u0161lo st\u00e1le ruka v ruke s t\u00fdm, \u010do chcela cirkev ale mus\u00edme podotkn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee nie v\u0161etci predstavitelia osvietenstva boli vyn\u00fatene proti n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu. Budeme sa zaobera\u0165 predstavite\u013eom, Thomasom Paineom, ktor\u00fd bol zn\u00e1my t\u00fdm, \u017ee bol kritikom cirkvi. Paine toti\u017e zd\u00f4raz\u0148oval kritick\u00fd rozum a sekularizmus. V diele Pr\u00e1va \u010dloveka tie\u017e spom\u00ednal, \u017ee vzdelanie je pre \u010dloveka d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 lebo potom je kvalitnej\u0161ia particip\u00e1cia v demokracii.[2]<\/a> Osvietenstvo zohralo k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa rolu pri formovan\u00ed z\u00e1kladov modern\u00fdch demokraci\u00ed po celom svete. Prinieslo apel na pr\u00e1va a \u013eudsk\u00e9 slobody, vl\u00e1du z\u00e1stupcov a \u00fa\u010das\u0165 ob\u010danov, vzdel\u00e1vanie a kritick\u00e9 myslenie, oslobodenie od absolutizmu a priniesol vplyv na politick\u00e9 revol\u00facie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak je gilot\u00edna najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edm negat\u00edvnym obrazom franc\u00fazskej revol\u00facie, potom najpozit\u00edvnej\u0161ou je ur\u010dite Deklar\u00e1cia pr\u00e1v \u010dloveka a ob\u010dana, jeden zo zakladaj\u00facich dokumentov trad\u00edcie \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v.[3]<\/a> Osvietenstvo tvrdilo, \u017ee \u013eudia maj\u00fa prirodzen\u00e9 pr\u00e1va, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vroden\u00e9 a nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 od vl\u00e1dy. Tieto pr\u00e1va zah\u0155\u0148ali pr\u00e1vo na \u017eivot, slobodu a majetok. Filozofia osvietenstva argumentovala, \u017ee vl\u00e1da by mala by\u0165 zalo\u017een\u00e1 na t\u00fdchto pr\u00e1vach a mala by ich chr\u00e1ni\u0165, namiesto toho, aby ich poru\u0161ovala. Paine zd\u00f4raz\u0148oval d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 spravodlivosti a rovnosti pred z\u00e1konom. Tvrdil, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlovek by mal by\u0165 rovnako chr\u00e1nen\u00fd pred zneu\u017eit\u00edm moci a z\u00e1kony by mali by\u0165 spravodliv\u00e9 a rovnocenn\u00e9 pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch. Tvrdil, \u017ee tieto pr\u00e1va s\u00fa neoddelite\u013en\u00e9 od demokracie a s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 pre ochranu ob\u010dianskych slob\u00f4d a slobody jednotlivca. Okrem pr\u00e1v jednotlivca obhajoval Paine aj pr\u00e1vo na vlastn\u00edctvo a ochranu majetku. Toto pr\u00e1vo malo by\u0165 zaru\u010den\u00e9 z\u00e1konom a nemalo by by\u0165 ohrozen\u00e9 pre \u013eubovo\u013en\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy vl\u00e1dy. Mill presadzoval rovnak\u00e9 pr\u00e1va pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch ob\u010danov bez oh\u013eadu na ich pohlavie, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo \u010di p\u00f4vod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V r\u00e1mci osvietenstva hovor\u00edme o zd\u00f4raz\u0148ovan\u00ed potreby vzdel\u00e1vania pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, nielen pre elitu alebo \u0161\u013eachtu. Kv\u00f4li tejto my\u0161lienke sa polo\u017eili z\u00e1klady pre univerz\u00e1lne vzdel\u00e1vacie syst\u00e9my a verejn\u00e9 \u0161kolstvo, ktor\u00e9 boli nesk\u00f4r vybudovan\u00e9 v mnoh\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch. \u0160kolsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m sa v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed stal \u010doraz viac usporiadan\u00fdm z\u00e1ujmom \u0161t\u00e1tu. Exponenti osvieten\u00e9ho absolutizmu, ako aj poslanci uznali, \u017ee subjekt je pre \u0161t\u00e1t u\u017eito\u010dnej\u0161\u00ed, ak m\u00e1 \u0161kolsk\u00e9 vzdelanie. V ide\u00e1lnom pr\u00edpade by povinn\u00e1 \u0161kolsk\u00e1 doch\u00e1dzka mala by\u0165 v\u0161ade, ale, samozrejme, v praxi sa ide\u00e1l sotva niekde dosiahol.[4]<\/a> Osvietenstvo kl\u00e1dlo d\u00f4raz\u00a0 na v\u00fdznam slobody jednotlivca, zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fac slobodu prejavu, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fa slobodu a slobodu myslenia. Tento pohyb podnietil v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu pozornos\u0165 k spravodlivosti a rovnosti pred z\u00e1konom. T\u00e1to koncepcia spravodlivosti ovplyvnila v\u00fdvoj s\u00fadneho syst\u00e9mu a ochranu \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. V r\u00e1mci \u010fal\u0161\u00edch d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t je imanentn\u00e9 spomen\u00fa\u0165 sekulariz\u00e1ciu. Osvietenstvo sa odvr\u00e1tilo od n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva a zd\u00f4raz\u0148ovalo sekularizmus, teda oddelenie cirkvi od \u0161t\u00e1tu. Toto viedlo k rozvoju hodn\u00f4t spojen\u00fdch so sekul\u00e1rnym pr\u00edstupom k vl\u00e1dnutiu a rozhodovaniu.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 Odkaz na s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osvietenstvo malo ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv na koniec autokracie a na formovanie modern\u00fdch demokraci\u00ed. Ideol\u00f3gia zd\u00f4raz\u0148ovala hodnoty ako sloboda, rovnos\u0165 a spravodlivos\u0165 a kritizovalo autokratick\u00e9 a absolutistick\u00e9 re\u017eimy. Tieto ide\u00e1ly a pohn\u00fatky mysle ideov\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu st\u00e1li na za\u010diatku mnoh\u00fdch politick\u00fdch a spolo\u010densk\u00fdch zmien, ktor\u00e9 viedli k p\u00e1du autokracie a vzniku demokratick\u00fdch re\u017eimov. Tak\u00e9to hodnoty s\u00fa pre n\u00e1s k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9, ke\u010f\u017ee n\u00e1s dok\u00e1zali vyvies\u0165 z p\u00fat autokracie. Ale boj za slobodu, rovnos\u0165 a spravodlivos\u0165 pre n\u00e1s bude neust\u00e1ly. St\u00e1le mus\u00edme obra\u0148ova\u0165 tieto hodnoty aby neupadli a nestratili sa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thomas Paine hovor\u00ed, \u017ee moc by mala vych\u00e1dza\u0165 od ob\u010danov a \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd jednotlivec m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo na politick\u00fa particip\u00e1ciu, zost\u00e1va d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm odkazom pre bud\u00facnos\u0165. Paine tie\u017e zd\u00f4raz\u0148oval d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 otvoren\u00e9ho myslenia a kritick\u00e9ho hodnotenia inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Jeho odkaz n\u00e1m pripom\u00edna, \u017ee kritick\u00e9 myslenie a schopnos\u0165 rozhodova\u0165 na z\u00e1klade faktov, nie predsudkov alebo dogiem, s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 pre rozvoj spolo\u010dnost\u00ed. Pripom\u00edna n\u00e1m, \u017ee v\u0161etci ob\u010dania by mali ma\u0165 rovnak\u00e9 pr\u00edle\u017eitosti a by\u0165 chr\u00e1nen\u00ed pred zneu\u017eit\u00edm moci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Stuart Mill vo svojom diele o slobode hovoril, \u017ee sokratovsk\u00e1 dialektika podporuje h\u013abkov\u00e9 pochopenie a m\u00fadre rie\u0161enia. R\u00f4znorodos\u0165 my\u0161lienok a spolupr\u00e1ca napom\u00e1haj\u00fa objekt\u00edvnemu h\u013eadaniu pravdy. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je sloboda myslenia, kritick\u00e9 myslenie a otvoren\u00e1 diskusia, ktor\u00e9 formuj\u00fa zdrav\u00fa a progres\u00edvnu spolo\u010dnos\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thomas Paine nebol iba v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm myslite\u013eom svojej doby, ale jeho dedi\u010dstvo pretrv\u00e1va ako nekone\u010dn\u00e1 in\u0161pir\u00e1cia pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed t\u00fa\u017eia po slobode, spravodlivosti a demokracii. Jeho v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00fd z\u00e1v\u00e4zok vo\u010di t\u00fdmto hodnot\u00e1m n\u00e1m poskytuje vzor odvahy a odhodlania, ktor\u00fd n\u00e1s vedie k prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eaniu o bud\u00facnosti a k na\u0161ej vlastnej zodpovednosti vo\u010di t\u00fdmto univerz\u00e1lnym princ\u00edpom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill zd\u00f4raz\u0148oval nevyhnutnos\u0165 slobody myslenia a prejavu pre rozvoj spolo\u010dnosti. Jeho obhajoba individu\u00e1lnej slobody proti tlaku v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny poskytuje z\u00e1klad pre slobodn\u00fd a otvoren\u00fd verejn\u00fd diskurz v s\u00fa\u010dasnej demokracii. V s\u00fa\u010dasnej dobe s\u00fa my\u0161lienky Johna Stuarta Milla st\u00e1le relevantn\u00e9 pri formovan\u00ed a hodnoten\u00ed demokratick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov. Jeho pr\u00edspevky k ochrane pr\u00e1v jednotlivca a presadzovaniu otvoren\u00e9ho a inkluz\u00edvneho politick\u00e9ho prostredia zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 pre s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa demokraciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paineova my\u0161lienka demokracie ako prostriedku na dosiahnutie spravodlivosti a rovnosti je z\u00e1kladom pre na\u0161u \u00favahu o tom, ako formova\u0165 na\u0161u politiku a spolo\u010dnos\u0165. Jeho presved\u010denie, \u017ee moc by mala poch\u00e1dza\u0165 od \u013eud\u00ed a \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd ob\u010dan m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo zasahova\u0165 do verejn\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed, n\u00e1m poskytuje vzor pre budovanie participat\u00edvnych a transparentn\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed. V dne\u0161nej dobe, ke\u010f sloboda a demokracia st\u00e1le \u010delia v\u00fdzvam a autoritarizmus hroz\u00ed ich oslabeniu, Paineove my\u0161lienky n\u00e1m sl\u00fa\u017eia ako varovanie pred nebezpe\u010denstvom straty t\u00fdchto hodn\u00f4t. Jeho odkaz n\u00e1s povzbudzuje, aby sme sa postavili proti ka\u017ed\u00e9mu prejavu utl\u00e1\u010dania a bojovali za zachovanie pr\u00e1v jednotlivca a kolekt\u00edvnych slob\u00f4d. Zachovanie a rozv\u00edjanie hodn\u00f4t slobody, spravodlivosti a demokracie je neust\u00e1lym \u00fasil\u00edm, a Thomas Paine n\u00e1m poskytuje v\u00fdre\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje na to, aby sme touto cestu pokra\u010dovali. Jeho dedi\u010dstvo \u017eije v na\u0161om sna\u017een\u00ed o vytvorenie sveta, kde ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlovek m\u00e1 rovnak\u00e9 pr\u00e1va a pr\u00edle\u017eitosti, a kde ob\u010dianska particip\u00e1cia tvor\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00fd kame\u0148 zdrav\u00e9ho a spravodliv\u00e9ho spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho usporiadania.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] The Editors of Encyklopaedia Britannica, \u201cAbsolutism, political system\u201d, Britannica, (9. 10. 2023), Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/absolutism-political-system\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Paschalis M. Kitromilides, \u201cThe Enlightenment and Religion in Europe\u201d, Oxford Academic, (8. 12. 2021), Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edited-volume\/37088\/chapter-abstract\/323186996?redirectedFrom=fulltext\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Project History, \u201cThe Enlightenment and Human Rights\u201d, (6. 12. 2022), Dostupn\u00e9 na internete:https:\/\/revolution.chnm.org\/exhibits\/show\/liberty–equality–fraternity\/enlightenment-and-human-rights<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Mehdi K. Nakosteen, Nobuo Shimahara,Pierre Rich\u00e9, \u201cEducation\u201d, (29. 10. 2023), Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/education\/The-Calvinist-Reformation#ref47555<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] William Bristow, \u201cEnlightenment\u201d, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (20. 8. 2010), Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: Enlightenment (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1 Problematika Osvietenstva Ak chceme hovori\u0165 o konci autokracie, mus\u00edme spomen\u00fa\u0165 aj absolutizmus. Osvietenstvo je protivn\u00edk absolutizmu. Absolutizmus, politick\u00e1 doktr\u00edna a prax neobmedzenej centralizovanej autority a absol\u00fatnej suverenity, ktor\u00e1 je zveren\u00e1 najm\u00e4 panovn\u00edkovi alebo dikt\u00e1torovi. Podstatou absolutistick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu je, \u017ee vl\u00e1dnuca moc nepodlieha regul\u00e1rnemu spochyb\u0148ovaniu alebo kontrole \u017eiadnou inou agent\u00farou, \u010di u\u017e s\u00fadnou, legislat\u00edvnou, n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eseje"],"yoast_head":"\n\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva - koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva - koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1 Problematika Osvietenstva Ak chceme hovori\u0165 o konci autokracie, mus\u00edme spomen\u00fa\u0165 aj absolutizmus. Osvietenstvo je protivn\u00edk absolutizmu. Absolutizmus, politick\u00e1 doktr\u00edna a prax neobmedzenej centralizovanej autority a absol\u00fatnej suverenity, ktor\u00e1 je zveren\u00e1 najm\u00e4 panovn\u00edkovi alebo dikt\u00e1torovi. Podstatou absolutistick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu je, \u017ee vl\u00e1dnuca moc nepodlieha regul\u00e1rnemu spochyb\u0148ovaniu alebo kontrole \u017eiadnou inou agent\u00farou, \u010di u\u017e s\u00fadnou, legislat\u00edvnou, n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou, […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-03-31T18:57:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Alica Girov\u00e1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Autor\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Alica Girov\u00e1\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Predpokladan\u00fd \u010das \u010d\u00edtania\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 min\u00fat\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=848#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=848\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Alica Girov\u00e1\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a5e8da957283a486c47386e1c8533a55\"},\"headline\":\"\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva – koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-03-31T18:57:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=848\"},\"wordCount\":1487,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"ESEJE\"],\"inLanguage\":\"sk-SK\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=848#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=848\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=848\",\"name\":\"\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva - koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill - RE:PUB\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-03-31T18:57:00+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=848#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"sk-SK\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=848\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=848#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva – koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/\",\"name\":\"RE:PUB\",\"description\":\"\u0161tudentsk\u00fd \u010dasopis\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"sk-SK\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"RE:PUB\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sk-SK\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/repub-logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/repub-logo.png\",\"width\":427,\"height\":426,\"caption\":\"RE:PUB\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a5e8da957283a486c47386e1c8533a55\",\"name\":\"Alica Girov\u00e1\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sk-SK\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/7a4d855b88ab620c5fa898773a6dfeb4c562181d3618725500ac0a89740cb445?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/7a4d855b88ab620c5fa898773a6dfeb4c562181d3618725500ac0a89740cb445?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/7a4d855b88ab620c5fa898773a6dfeb4c562181d3618725500ac0a89740cb445?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Alica Girov\u00e1\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?author=33\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva - koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill - RE:PUB","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848","og_locale":"sk_SK","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva - koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill - RE:PUB","og_description":"1 Problematika Osvietenstva Ak chceme hovori\u0165 o konci autokracie, mus\u00edme spomen\u00fa\u0165 aj absolutizmus. Osvietenstvo je protivn\u00edk absolutizmu. Absolutizmus, politick\u00e1 doktr\u00edna a prax neobmedzenej centralizovanej autority a absol\u00fatnej suverenity, ktor\u00e1 je zveren\u00e1 najm\u00e4 panovn\u00edkovi alebo dikt\u00e1torovi. Podstatou absolutistick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu je, \u017ee vl\u00e1dnuca moc nepodlieha regul\u00e1rnemu spochyb\u0148ovaniu alebo kontrole \u017eiadnou inou agent\u00farou, \u010di u\u017e s\u00fadnou, legislat\u00edvnou, n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou, […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848","og_site_name":"RE:PUB","article_published_time":"2024-03-31T18:57:00+00:00","author":"Alica Girov\u00e1","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Autor":"Alica Girov\u00e1","Predpokladan\u00fd \u010das \u010d\u00edtania":"6 min\u00fat"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848"},"author":{"name":"Alica Girov\u00e1","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#\/schema\/person\/a5e8da957283a486c47386e1c8533a55"},"headline":"\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva – koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill","datePublished":"2024-03-31T18:57:00+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848"},"wordCount":1487,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#organization"},"articleSection":["ESEJE"],"inLanguage":"sk-SK","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848","url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848","name":"\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva - koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill - RE:PUB","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#website"},"datePublished":"2024-03-31T18:57:00+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"sk-SK","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=848#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u201eOdkaz osvietenstva – koniec autokracie, nech \u017eije \u013eud?\u201c Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/","name":"RE:PUB","description":"\u0161tudentsk\u00fd \u010dasopis","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"sk-SK"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#organization","name":"RE:PUB","url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sk-SK","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/repub-logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/repub-logo.png","width":427,"height":426,"caption":"RE:PUB"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#\/schema\/person\/a5e8da957283a486c47386e1c8533a55","name":"Alica Girov\u00e1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sk-SK","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a4d855b88ab620c5fa898773a6dfeb4c562181d3618725500ac0a89740cb445?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a4d855b88ab620c5fa898773a6dfeb4c562181d3618725500ac0a89740cb445?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a4d855b88ab620c5fa898773a6dfeb4c562181d3618725500ac0a89740cb445?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Alica Girov\u00e1"},"url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?author=33"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/848","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=848"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/848\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":850,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/848\/revisions\/850"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=848"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=848"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}