{"id":844,"date":"2024-03-31T20:56:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-31T18:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=844"},"modified":"2024-03-31T19:59:29","modified_gmt":"2024-03-31T17:59:29","slug":"sionisticke-hnutie-ako-zaklad-statu-izrael","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=844","title":{"rendered":"Sionistick\u00e9 hnutie ako z\u00e1klad \u0161t\u00e1tu Izrael"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sionizmus a jeho po\u010diatky<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sionizmus je stru\u010dne charakterizovan\u00fd ako n\u00e1rodnopolitick\u00e9 hnutie, ktor\u00e9ho po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fdm cie\u013eom bolo vytvorenie \u00fato\u010diska pre \u017didov. Po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t bol tento pojem pou\u017eit\u00fd Nathanom Birnbaumom. Bol to autor a publicista, ktor\u00fd v roku 1883 zalo\u017eil spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi akademick\u00fa fraternitu Kadimah, ktorej prv\u00fdmi \u010dlenmi boli najm\u00e4 hali\u010dsk\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00ed \u0161tudenti, ktor\u00ed v tom \u010dase \u0161tudovali vo Viedni. Nesk\u00f4r, v roku 1885, publikoval Selbstemanzipation, <\/em>\u010do bolo \u017eidovsk\u00e9 nacion\u00e1lne periodikum. V tomto periodiku v roku 1893 ako prv\u00fd uviedol pojem sionizmus.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1klad slova spo\u010d\u00edva vo vrchu Sion v Jeruzaleme. U\u017e v prorock\u00fdch knih\u00e1ch malo spom\u00ednan\u00e9 ozna\u010denie znamena\u0165 symbol \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda a jeho vlasti.[2]<\/a> Trad\u00edcia hovor\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve s\u00e1m Mesi\u00e1\u0161 zavedie \u017didov sp\u00e4\u0165 na vrch Sion. Av\u0161ak n\u00e1bo\u017eensky zalo\u017een\u00ed sionisti verili, \u017ee a\u017e po tom, \u010do pr\u00eddu do Izraela, pr\u00edde aj Mesi\u00e1\u0161, ktor\u00fd ich vyslobod\u00ed.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dejiny sionizmu maj\u00fa svoje obdobia, od prehist\u00f3rie sionizmu a\u017e po modern\u00e9 my\u0161lienky. U\u017e v roku 720 mal v \u00famysle Serenus vytvori\u0165 \u017eidovsk\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 v Palest\u00edne a hl\u00e1sal jej dobytie. Naprie\u010d 17. storo\u010d\u00edm doch\u00e1dza k pokusom mystick\u00fdm, cez modlitby. \u010ealej, v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed, sa diali utopick\u00e9 projekty, napr\u00edklad ke\u010f sa Herman M\u00f3ric chcel sta\u0165 kr\u00e1\u013eom \u017didov v ju\u017enej Amerike. Z konca tohto storo\u010dia zachyt\u00e1vame snahy hnutia za op\u00e4tovn\u00fa v\u00fdstavbu \u017eidovskej vlasti medzi \u017eidmi. Bolo to v rokoch 1860-1880 a k propag\u00e1torom patril aj Cvi Kalischer. Z jeho iniciat\u00edvy bolo zvolan\u00e9 zhroma\u017edenie d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch \u017eidovsk\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov za \u00fa\u010delom rie\u0161enia ot\u00e1zok t\u00fdkaj\u00facich sa koloniz\u00e1cie Palest\u00edny. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aj napriek sna\u017eeniu sa Kalischera, je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za prv\u00e9ho sionistu v modernom slova zmysle Moses Hess, ktor\u00fd bol ozna\u010dovan\u00fd za predchodcu zakladate\u013ea modern\u00e9ho hnutia sionizmu Teodora Herzla. Hess po\u017eadoval v svojich listoch vytvorenie \u017eidovskej komunity v Palest\u00edne, ktorej pravidl\u00e1 a etick\u00e9 normy maj\u00fa vych\u00e1dza\u0165 z Moj\u017ei\u0161ov\u00fdch kn\u00edh. D\u00e1val d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 odkazy na politick\u00e9 rie\u0161enie tohoto probl\u00e9mu, av\u0161ak toho \u010dasu nebol pochopen\u00fd. My\u0161lienky sionizmu a impulzy na zmenu prich\u00e1dzali najprv z Ruska, kde sa diali pogromy vo\u010di \u017didom, kedy sa nakoniec museli vys\u0165ahova\u0165 do in\u00fdch kraj\u00edn sveta. V tomto d\u00f4sledku sa za\u010dali organizova\u0165 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 ml\u00e1de\u017ee, vytv\u00e1raj\u00fac organiz\u00e1cie. Na Z\u00e1pade sa taktie\u017e presadzovali my\u0161lienky n\u00e1vratu v podobe \u0161tudentsk\u00fdch spolkov, vyd\u00e1vali sa \u010dasopisy, periodik\u00e1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010dom sionizmu na Z\u00e1pade bol s\u00fadny proces s\u00a0jedin\u00fdm \u017didom vo franc\u00fazskom gener\u00e1lnom \u0161t\u00e1be, kapit\u00e1nom Alfr\u00e9dom Dreyfusom z\u00a0roku 1894, ktor\u00fd bol ods\u00faden\u00fd z\u00a0odovzd\u00e1vania tajn\u00fdch dokumentov nemeck\u00fdm \u00faradom a\u00a0udelili mu do\u017eivotn\u00fd trest.[4]<\/a> T\u00e1to situ\u00e1cia nastala po tom, \u010do franc\u00fazska kontra\u0161pion\u00e1\u017ena slu\u017eba zachytila rukou p\u00edsan\u00fa spr\u00e1vu. P\u00edsmo na z\u00e1klade nespr\u00e1vnej anal\u00fdzy prip\u00edsali pr\u00e1ve rukopisu kapit\u00e1na Dreyfusa. Aby toho nebolo m\u00e1lo, tak boli vo\u010di nemu e\u0161te vykon\u0161truovan\u00e9 dva falo\u0161n\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proces kapit\u00e1na Dreyfusa mal ve\u013emi siln\u00fd vplyv na mlad\u00e9ho \u017dida menom Teodor Herzl. Zauj\u00edmal sa o rie\u0161enie \u017eidovskej ot\u00e1zky, najsk\u00f4r rie\u0161enie nach\u00e1dzal v asimil\u00e1cii \u017didov, potom dospel k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee na vyrie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mu je potrebn\u00e9 jedine vytvori\u0165 \u017eidovsk\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 a \u0161t\u00e1t.[6]<\/a> Jeho politick\u00fa v\u00edziu zhrnul v diele z roku 1896 \u017didovsk\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t. <\/em>Rokoval s britskou vl\u00e1dou, \u017eiadal o vy\u010dlenenie \u010dasti \u00fazemia v Palest\u00edne, av\u0161ak ne\u00faspe\u0161ne. Herzlovo dielo vzbudilo ve\u013ek\u00fd z\u00e1ujem a s jeho darom diplomatickosti a re\u010dn\u00edckosti bol postaven\u00fd na \u010delo sionistick\u00e9ho hnutia.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ideol\u00f3gia sionizmu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ideol\u00f3gia sionizmu sa zakladala na presved\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee \u017didia s\u00fa n\u00e1rodom v zvl\u00e1\u0161tnej situ\u00e1cii, ktor\u00e1 sa v\u00f4bec ned\u00e1 porovna\u0165 so situ\u00e1ciou in\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov. Ich \u0161pecifick\u00e9 \u0165a\u017ekosti, probl\u00e9m zapojenia do \u017eivota, asimila\u010dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m ale aj probl\u00e9m antisemitizmu d\u00e1vaj\u00fa zna\u010dku sionizmu ako \u201c\u017eidovsk\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rie\u0161enie, \u017ee by pretrv\u00e1vala diasp\u00f3ra, sionisti odmietaj\u00fa a pova\u017euj\u00fa to za polovi\u010dat\u00e9 a ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9. Sionisti po\u017eaduj\u00fa rie\u0161enie politicko-ekonomicky. Z toho plyn\u00fa \u0161tyri z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 princ\u00edpy sionistickej ideol\u00f3gie:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Princ\u00edp, \u017ee \u017eidovsk\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka je ot\u00e1zkou n\u00e1rodnou<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Neg\u00e1cia; \u017eidovsk\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka nie je rie\u0161iteln\u00e1 v diasp\u00f3re.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Ak si \u017didia nepom\u00f4\u017eu navz\u00e1jom, tak im nepom\u00f4\u017ee nikto. <\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Ich domovom je jedine Palest\u00edna.<\/em>[8]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Dne\u0161n\u00fd sionizmus poch\u00e1dza z dvoch zdrojov, a to novovek\u00e9 eur\u00f3pske osvietenstvo, ktor\u00e9ho d\u00f4sledkami s\u00fa n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 hnutia 20. storo\u010dia a s\u00fa charakterizovan\u00e9 heslami ako \u201esloboda\u201c<\/em>, \u201esuverenita\u201c<\/em>, alebo aj \u201esebaur\u010denie\u201c.<\/em> Druh\u00fdm zdrojom je \u017eidovsk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00e1 a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia so svojimi \u0161pecifick\u00fdmi orient\u00e1ciami a etick\u00fdmi princ\u00edpmi. Prv\u00e9 u\u010denie bolo pr\u00e1ve motiv\u00e1ciou a stalo sa u\u010den\u00edm Teodora Herzla, druh\u00e9 u\u010denie m\u00f4\u017eeme n\u00e1js\u0165 v u\u010den\u00ed Achada Haama. T\u00fdchto dvoch predstavite\u013eov m\u00f4\u017eeme porovna\u0165 z h\u013eadiska paradoxnej synt\u00e9zy idealizmu a na z\u00e1klade ich praktick\u00e9ho konania. Achad Haam bol \u017eidovsk\u00fd esejista a najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm predstavite\u013eom duchovno-kult\u00farneho pr\u00fadu.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Migr\u00e1cie zvan\u00e9 Alija<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201eAliyah\u201c<\/em> je imigr\u00e1cia \u017didov z diasp\u00f3ry do zas\u013e\u00fabenej zeme, do zeme Izrael. Je to jednou z najz\u00e1kladnej\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1sad sionizmu, takisto definovan\u00e9 ako \u201eakt st\u00fapania\u201c<\/em> smerom k Jeruzalemu. Z ve\u013ekej \u010dasti \u017eidovskej hist\u00f3rie \u017eila v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u017eidov v diasp\u00f3rach, to znamen\u00e1 v spolo\u010denstv\u00e1ch, kde bola alija v\u017edy iba n\u00e1rodnou a\u0161pir\u00e1ciou, ktor\u00e1 sa \u010diasto\u010dne naplnila a\u017e s rozvojom sionistick\u00e9ho hnutia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Alija je takisto aj ve\u013emi signifikantn\u00fdm kult\u00farnym konceptom \u017eidovstva. Je zakotven\u00e1 v izraelskom z\u00e1kone o n\u00e1vrate, ktor\u00fd prizn\u00e1va ka\u017ed\u00e9mu \u017didovi a niektor\u00fdm z vybran\u00fdch Ne\u017eidov ( napr\u00edklad die\u0165a a vnuk \u017dida, man\u017eelsk\u00fd partner \u017dida at\u010f.) z\u00e1konom stanoven\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo na asistovan\u00fa imigr\u00e1ciu a usadenie sa v Izraeli, ako aj izraelsk\u00e9 ob\u010dianstvo. Niekto, kto vykon\u00e1va migr\u00e1ciu sa naz\u00fdva \u201eoleh\u201c<\/em>  alebo \u201eolah\u201c.<\/em> Mnoh\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensky zalo\u017een\u00ed \u017didia vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00fa aliju ako n\u00e1vrat do zas\u013e\u00fabenej zeme a pova\u017euj\u00fa ju za splnenie Bo\u017eieho zas\u013e\u00fabenia, ktor\u00e9 dal potomkom hebrejsk\u00fdch patriarchov Abrah\u00e1ma, Iz\u00e1ka a Jakuba.  V sionistickej hist\u00f3rii s\u00fa r\u00f4zne vlny alije, od prvej a\u017e po piatu, v r\u00f4znych rokoch. Od zalo\u017eenia \u0161t\u00e1tu Izrael je riaden\u00edm islamu v diasp\u00f3re poveren\u00e1 Izraelsk\u00e1 \u017eidovsk\u00e1 agent\u00fara.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sionistick\u00e9 hnutie je a bolo ve\u013emi k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm bodom \u017eidovskej hist\u00f3rie. Mali ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv na formovanie osobnost\u00ed \u013eud\u00ed, ked\u017ee \u017didia boli z ve\u013ekej strany st\u00e1le asimila\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1rodom. Av\u0161ak aj ich n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo ich do ve\u013ekej miery ovplyv\u0148ovalo a \u010dastokr\u00e1t sa odkl\u00e1\u0148alo od toho, \u010do si mysleli hlavn\u00ed predstavitelia. Av\u0161ak sionistick\u00e9 hnutie sa do zna\u010dnej miery nikdy nevzdalo. Ich ciele boli vysok\u00e9, no pomaly sa ich sna\u017eili splni\u0165. \u010ci u\u017e sme to mohli vidie\u0165 na v\u00fdsledkoch kongresov alebo migr\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, snaha st\u00e1le bola. Nu\u017e, negat\u00edvna str\u00e1nka bola t\u00e1, \u017ee mnoho z nich stratilo svoje ja, migrovalo z miesta na miesto a nemali st\u00e1ly domov. Je len ve\u013emi \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 poveda\u0165, \u010di sa niekedy stopercentne napln\u00ed ich cie\u013e, no snaha neut\u00edcha. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [1] Nathan Birnbaum. <\/em>[online]. Jewish virtual library. [cit. 11.04.2023] Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/nathan-birnbaum<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [2] FRANEK, Jaroslav. Judaizmus: kniha o \u017eidovskej kult\u00fare, hist\u00f3rii a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve. Bratislava: Albert Maren\u010din – Vydavate\u013estvo PT, 2009. ISBN 9788081140105. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [3] COHN-SHERBOK, Dan. Judaismus: ilustrovan\u00fd pr\u016fvodce : ucelen\u00e1 historie \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a filozofie, tradic a praktik, bohat\u011b ilustrovan\u00e1 s v\u00edce ne\u017e 500 fotografiemi a obr\u00e1zky. Brno: Jota, 2021. ISBN 9788075657794.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [4] FRANEK, Jaroslav. Judaizmus: kniha o \u017eidovskej kult\u00fare, hist\u00f3rii a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve. Bratislava: Albert Maren\u010din – Vydavate\u013estvo PT, 2009. ISBN 9788081140105. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [5] Theodor Herzl convert to zionism. . <\/em>[online].[cit. 11.04.2023] Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4466575<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [6] HERZL, Theodor. \u017didovsk\u00fd st\u00e1t: pokus o modern\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. Praha: Academia, 2009. Europa. ISBN 9788020017123.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [7] HERZL, Theodor. \u017didovsk\u00fd st\u00e1t: pokus o modern\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. Praha: Academia, 2009. Europa. ISBN 9788020017123.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [8] FRANEK, Jaroslav. Judaizmus: kniha o \u017eidovskej kult\u00fare, hist\u00f3rii a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve. Bratislava: Albert Maren\u010din – Vydavate\u013estvo PT, 2009. ISBN 9788081140105. str. 192-193<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [9] FRANEK, Jaroslav. Judaizmus: kniha o \u017eidovskej kult\u00fare, hist\u00f3rii a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve. Bratislava: Albert Maren\u010din – Vydavate\u013estvo PT, 2009. ISBN 9788081140105. str. 192-193<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [10] Migration to Israel<\/em> [online].[cit. 11.04.2023] Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/immigration-to-israel<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Sionizmus a jeho po\u010diatky Sionizmus je stru\u010dne charakterizovan\u00fd ako n\u00e1rodnopolitick\u00e9 hnutie, ktor\u00e9ho po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fdm cie\u013eom bolo vytvorenie \u00fato\u010diska pre \u017didov. Po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t bol tento pojem pou\u017eit\u00fd Nathanom Birnbaumom. Bol to autor a publicista, ktor\u00fd v roku 1883 zalo\u017eil spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi akademick\u00fa fraternitu Kadimah, ktorej prv\u00fdmi \u010dlenmi boli najm\u00e4 hali\u010dsk\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00ed \u0161tudenti, ktor\u00ed v tom \u010dase \u0161tudovali vo Viedni. Nesk\u00f4r, v roku […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"\nSionistick\u00e9 hnutie ako z\u00e1klad \u0161t\u00e1tu Izrael - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=844\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sionistick\u00e9 hnutie ako z\u00e1klad \u0161t\u00e1tu Izrael - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sionizmus a jeho po\u010diatky Sionizmus je stru\u010dne charakterizovan\u00fd ako n\u00e1rodnopolitick\u00e9 hnutie, ktor\u00e9ho po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fdm cie\u013eom bolo vytvorenie \u00fato\u010diska pre \u017didov. Po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t bol tento pojem pou\u017eit\u00fd Nathanom Birnbaumom. Bol to autor a publicista, ktor\u00fd v roku 1883 zalo\u017eil spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi akademick\u00fa fraternitu Kadimah, ktorej prv\u00fdmi \u010dlenmi boli najm\u00e4 hali\u010dsk\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00ed \u0161tudenti, ktor\u00ed v tom \u010dase \u0161tudovali vo Viedni. 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