{"id":770,"date":"2024-01-31T18:43:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-31T17:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=770"},"modified":"2024-08-25T14:27:27","modified_gmt":"2024-08-25T12:27:27","slug":"legislativne-prekazky-obmedzujuce-hlasovanie-v-usa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=770","title":{"rendered":"Legislat\u00edvne prek\u00e1\u017eky obmedzuj\u00face hlasovanie v USA"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V roku 1964 na z\u00edskanie opr\u00e1vnenia voli\u0165 v \u0161t\u00e1te Louisiana bol ob\u010dan n\u00faten\u00fd na z\u00edskanie opr\u00e1vnenia voli\u0165 vyplni\u0165 test gramotnosti. Tento test gramotnosti trval 10 min\u00fat a obsahoval 30 ot\u00e1zok, kde jedin\u00e1 zl\u00e1 odpove\u010f mohla v o\u010diach komisie posudzuj\u00facej test znamena\u0165 zamedzenie pr\u00e1va voli\u0165. Probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1val v sp\u00f4sobe ako boli samotn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky koncipovan\u00e9. Recipient testu sa tak v pomerne kr\u00e1tkom \u010dasovom limite ocitol pred ot\u00e1zkami ako: \u201espell backwards forwards\u201c ,alebo \u201eprint the word vote upside down but in correst order\u201c a mnoho \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi m\u00e4t\u00facimi ot\u00e1zkami.[1]<\/a> Vo v\u0161eobecnosti hovor\u00edme o sp\u00f4sobe obmedzovania volebn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eeme pozorova\u0165 v obdob\u00ed po ob\u010dianskej vojne vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch juhu. Celkovo hist\u00f3ria roz\u0161irovania volebn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va sa v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch za\u010d\u00edna u\u017e v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed, kedy hovor\u00edme o ve\u013emi exkluz\u00edvnej skupine bielych mu\u017eov a v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch dokonca okresanej na vlastn\u00edkov p\u00f4dy. Postupnou inkl\u00faziou sa za\u010dal zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ova\u0165 po\u010det \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed nadob\u00fadali pr\u00e1vo voli\u0165, no st\u00e1le hovor\u00edme o syst\u00e9me, ktor\u00fd bol zalo\u017een\u00fd na diskrimin\u00e1cii pohlavia a rasy. Situ\u00e1ciu mala zmeni\u0165 ob\u010dianska vojna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdsledkom ob\u010dianskej vojny boli 13., 14. a 15. dodatok \u00dastavy, ktor\u00e9 mal zabezpe\u010di\u0165 pr\u00e1va a slobody garantovan\u00e9 Listinou pr\u00e1v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov americk\u00fdch pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch b\u00fdval\u00fdch otrokov, oslobodi\u0165 a zak\u00e1za\u0165 otroctvo a roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 hlasovacie pr\u00e1vo pr\u00e1ve pre t\u00fato \u010das\u0165 spolo\u010dnosti. Napriek tomu st\u00e1le hovor\u00edme o mu\u017eoch. No regul\u00e1cia volebn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va ostala na\u010falej pod\u013ea \u00dastavy v ruk\u00e1ch jednotliv\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov. Tu preva\u017ene b\u00fdval\u00e9 otrok\u00e1rske \u0161t\u00e1ty postupne prich\u00e1dzali so syst\u00e9mom volebn\u00fdch poplatkov, byrokratick\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu a testov gramotnosti, na limitovanie pr\u00edstupu afroamerick\u00e9ho obyvate\u013estva ku vo\u013eb\u00e1m.[2]<\/a> Tu sa vraciame ku testu gramotnosti, ktor\u00fd sme si predstavili v \u00favodnej \u010dasti. Ako sme si pribl\u00ed\u017eili, o spr\u00e1vnosti testu rozhodovala vy\u010dlenen\u00e1 komisia. T\u00e1 hodnotila, \u010di ste zodpovedali spr\u00e1vne a \u0161tatisticky to bolo vidie\u0165 na v\u00fdsledkoch t\u00fdchto testoch, kde komunity, ktor\u00e9 mali viac ako 50% afroamerick\u00e9ho obyvate\u013estva mali 80% zamietnut\u00fdch gramotnostn\u00fdch testov. Celkovo sa \u0161anca uspie\u0165 zvy\u0161ovala, \u010d\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed bol podiel afroamerick\u00e9ho obyvate\u013estva v danom susedstve.[3]<\/a> V\u0161eobecne zauj\u00edmav\u00fd bol experiment, kedy tento konkr\u00e9tny test dali v roku 2014 \u0161tudentom Harvardu, ktor\u00fd ho nedok\u00e1zali vyplni\u0165.[4]<\/a> Napriek tomu bola takmer 100% \u0161anca z\u00edska\u0165 pr\u00e1vo hlasova\u0165, ak ste boli bielej pleti. Tak\u017ee napriek 15. dodatku \u00dastavy bol tento pr\u00eds\u013eub volebn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va nerealizovan\u00fd takmer storo\u010die.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ku zmene doch\u00e1dza a\u017e v roku 1965, kedy na podnet brut\u00e1lneho policajn\u00e9ho potla\u010denia protestu za hlasovacie pr\u00e1va, do\u0161lo ku na\u0161tartovaniu legislat\u00edvneho procesu na feder\u00e1lnej \u00farovni. Vtedaj\u0161\u00ed prezident Lyndon B. Johnson vyu\u017eil svoj vplyv v Kongrese na to, aby zaviedol do platnosti Z\u00e1kon o hlasovac\u00edch pr\u00e1vach z roku 1965. Tento z\u00e1kon zak\u00e1zal \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum mechanizmov pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch preva\u017ene v ju\u017eansk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch na obmedzovanie volebn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va. No najsilnej\u0161ia zbra\u0148 tohto legislat\u00edvneho bal\u00ed\u010dka bola zavedenie mechanizmu \u201epreclerance\u201c a teda potreby povolenia Najvy\u0161\u0161ieho s\u00fadu Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov americk\u00fdch na implement\u00e1ciu nov\u00fdch regula\u010dn\u00fdch volebn\u00fdch z\u00e1konov, a rovnako zaviedol \u00farad komisii z District of Columbia na registrovanie nov\u00fdch voli\u010dov. V\u00fdsledkom bola registr\u00e1cia vy\u0161e 250 000 nov\u00fdch voli\u010dov do konca roka. Tento z\u00e1kon bol pribli\u017ene ka\u017ed\u00fdch 5 rokov op\u00e4tovne ratifikovan\u00fd a roz\u0161irovan\u00fd, s poslednou takouto \u00fapravou v roku 2006. Predstavovalo to koniec boja o hlasovacie pr\u00e1vo a zmenilo celkov\u00fa voli\u010dsk\u00fa demografiu, ktor\u00e1 bola historicky dominovan\u00e1 popul\u00e1ciou bielej pleti. \u010co koniec koncov zohralo k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu napr\u00edklad pre zvolenie prezidenta Baraca Obamu, ktor\u00fd akumuloval a\u017e 80% minoritn\u00fdch hlasov. A samozrejme t\u00e1to voli\u010dsk\u00e1 demografia sa na\u010falej vyv\u00edjala ku zni\u017eovaniu tohto rozdielu na z\u00e1klade migr\u00e1cie do Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov americk\u00fdch.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To v\u0161etko sa v\u0161ak zmenilo v roku 2013, kedy sa odohral historick\u00fd s\u00fadny proces Shelby county vs Holder. Shelby county v \u0161t\u00e1te Alabama podala n\u00e1met na Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed s\u00fad o proti\u00fastavnosti volebn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona z roku 1965. Od\u00f4vodnenie bolo, \u017ee 15. dodatok \u00fastavy m\u00e1 s\u00edce zabezpe\u010dova\u0165 rovn\u00e9 hlasovacie pr\u00e1vo bez oh\u013eadu na farbu pleti, s volebn\u00fdm z\u00e1konom ako prostriedkom vyn\u00fatenia tohto dodatku, no samotn\u00e1 \u201epreclerance\u201c bola pod\u013ea Shelby county v rozpore s 10. dodatkom \u00dastavy, ktor\u00fd delegoval legislat\u00edvnu \u00fapravu volebnej registr\u00e1cie a cel\u00e9ho volebn\u00e9ho procesu na jednotliv\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty. Rozhodnutie Najvy\u0161\u0161ieho s\u00fadu bolo fin\u00e1lne po dvoch odvolaniach, ktor\u00e9 uznali \u00fastavnos\u0165 tohto z\u00e1kona, no pr\u00e1ve po\u010das procesu na Najvy\u0161\u0161om s\u00fade nastal zvrat. Rozsudok v skratke hovoril o proti\u00fastavnosti menovan\u00fdch odsekov volebn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona v kontexte mechanizmu \u201epreclerance\u201c. Pri\u010dom rozhodnutie bolo prijat\u00e9 v pomere 5 za, 4 proti v prospech proti\u00fastavnosti. Od\u00f4vodnen\u00e9 to bolo zastaranos\u0165ou, ke\u010f\u017ee sa predpokladala potreba takejto regul\u00e1cie v 60. a 70. rokoch, no dne\u0161n\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 pova\u017eoval Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed s\u00fad za osloboden\u00fa od rasov\u00fdch predsudkov. Rovnako s\u00fad tvrdil, \u017ee z\u00e1kon u\u017e nereflektuje zmeny, ktor\u00e9 sa za posledn\u00fdch 50 rokov v spolo\u010dnosti udiali. A teda najsilnej\u0161\u00ed legislat\u00edvny mechanizmus na ochranu iluz\u00edvnosti volebn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu ostal odkryt\u00fd jednotliv\u00fdm \u0161t\u00e1tnym regul\u00e1ciami.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7 hod\u00edn a 41 min\u00fat bol v roku 2020 po\u010das prezidentsk\u00fdch volieb priemern\u00fd \u010das \u010dakania v niektor\u00fdch volebn\u00fdch miestnostiach. Obdobn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia bola aj v meste Atlanta Georgia, kde do\u0161lo ku zlu\u010dovaniu volebn\u00fdch obvodov, no \u0161tatisticky sa jednalo \u010dasto o obvody kde bol podiel bielej popul\u00e1cie do 10%.[8]<\/a> \u010eal\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m v t\u00fdchto zl\u00fa\u010den\u00fdch obvodoch, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sobil dlh\u00e9 \u010dakacie rady na hlasovania boli syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 v\u00fdpadky volebn\u00fdch strojov a nastal celkov\u00fd chaos pri kontrole hlasovac\u00edch preukazov, ktor\u00e9 boli v obdobn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch op\u00e4tovne zaveden\u00e9. Texas a Severn\u00e1 Carolina to dokonca stihli do 24 hod\u00edn po zru\u0161en\u00ed potreby feder\u00e1lnej kontroly a zaviedli z\u00e1kony o kontrole registr\u00e1cie voli\u010dov. Pri\u010dom v Severnej Caroline v roku 2018 bolo feder\u00e1lne zru\u0161en\u00e9 roz\u0161irovanie kontroln\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, ktor\u00fd takmer \u0161pecificky targetoval afroamerick\u00fdch obyvate\u013eov \u0161t\u00e1tu. Okrem toho do\u0161lo k obmedzeniu hlasovacieho pr\u00e1va trestancom, alebo k skr\u00e1teniu otv\u00e1rac\u00edch d\u00f4b v jednotliv\u00fdch volebn\u00fdch miestnostiach. Ale vr\u00e1time sa e\u0161te ku \u0161t\u00e1tu Georgia, ke\u010f\u017ee Atlanta je multikult\u00farna metropola obklopen\u00e1 siln\u00fdm konzervat\u00edvnym vidiekom, ktor\u00fd zaznamenal zmenu z konzervat\u00edvne demokratick\u00e9ho voli\u010da na republik\u00e1nskeho, zatia\u013e \u010do tendencie elektor\u00e1tu v meste Atlanta sa za\u010dali meni\u0165 na demokratick\u00e9ho voli\u010da. A tu ke\u010f zoberieme do \u00favahy, \u017ee \u0161t\u00e1tny apar\u00e1t \u0161t\u00e1tu Georgie je v ruk\u00e1ch republik\u00e1nov, to d\u00e1va vo\u013en\u00fa ruku na implement\u00e1ciu obdobn\u00fdch z\u00e1konov a zo z\u00e1vodu o to, koho bude \u010dlovek voli\u0165 sa op\u00e4\u0165 st\u00e1va z\u00e1vod o to, kto m\u00f4\u017ee voli\u0165. V tomto duchu nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 Americk\u00e1 komisia pre ob\u010dianske pr\u00e1va vymedzuje 5 naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edch takt\u00edk na potla\u010dovanie volebn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va, ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa: pr\u00e1ve spom\u00ednan\u00e9 registrovan\u00e9 volenie, zatv\u00e1ranie volebn\u00fdch miestnost\u00ed, po\u017eadovanie potvrdenia o ob\u010dianstve, \u010distky vo volebnom registri a redukovanie pred\u010dasn\u00e9ho hlasovania.[9]<\/a> No a jedin\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t, ktor\u00fd sp\u013a\u0148a v\u0161etky tieto taktiky je pr\u00e1ve Georgia. A pre\u010do sa to deje? Naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00ed argument, ktor\u00fd dominantne prezentuj\u00fa republik\u00e1ni s\u00fa podvody pri vo\u013eb\u00e1ch a ochrana voli\u010da. \u010co ke\u010f sa pozrieme na n\u00e1zory odborn\u00edkov na volebn\u00fd proces s\u00fa neopodstatnen\u00e9, ke\u010f\u017ee v priemer bolo v obdob\u00ed rokov 2000 a\u017e 2014 zaznamenan\u00fdch okolo 30 pr\u00edpadov volebn\u00e9ho podvodu. Kde \u010disto \u0161tatisticky je viac pravdepodobn\u00e9, \u017ee bude ob\u010dan Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov zasiahnut\u00fd bleskom ako to, \u017ee sp\u00e1cha nejak\u00fd volebn\u00fd podvod. A pr\u00e1ve posledn\u00e9 prezidentsk\u00e9 vo\u013eby boli v tomto zmysle prelomov\u00e9, ke\u010f\u017ee na z\u00e1klade pand\u00e9mie v\u00edrusu COVID-19 bolo najviac roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 pred\u010dasn\u00e9 hlasovanie po\u0161tou (takzvan\u00e9 absentee voting). Prezidentsk\u00e9 vo\u013eby tak v kombin\u00e1cii s meniacou sa demografiou Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov na multikult\u00farnej\u0161iu spolo\u010dnos\u0165 d\u00e1vaj\u00fa rozhoduj\u00faci hlas men\u0161inov\u00fdm komunit\u00e1m a afroamerickej \u010dasti popul\u00e1cie \u010do nehr\u00e1 do kariet republik\u00e1nom, ke\u010f\u017ee spravidla hovor\u00edme o presne opa\u010dnej voli\u010dskej z\u00e1kladni.\u00a0 Aj preto sa ve\u013emi \u010dasto st\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u010distky registrovan\u00fdch voli\u010dov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa na jednej strane nutn\u00e9, kv\u00f4li presunu obyvate\u013estva a kontrole \u010di je dan\u00fd voli\u010d, jednoducho povedan\u00e9 st\u00e1le \u017eiv\u00fd, no z\u00e1rove\u0148 je to priestor, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zneu\u017eit\u00fd na targetovanie vybran\u00fdch komun\u00edt. \u010ealej v niektor\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch pr\u00edsne regul\u00e1cie na kontrolu registrovan\u00e9ho voli\u010da, ktor\u00e9 hlavne v priezvisk\u00e1ch poskytovali priestor na vyu\u017e\u00edvanie potla\u010dovac\u00edch takt\u00edk, ke\u010f\u017ee m\u00e4k\u010dene priezvisk\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 sa skladaj\u00fa z viacer\u00fdch slov a podobne s\u00fa \u010dasto evidovan\u00e9 inak v in\u00fdch registroch.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0A pre\u010do je t\u00e1to t\u00e9ma aktu\u00e1lna? Nako\u013eko rok 2024 v kontexte Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, bude pozna\u010den\u00fd prezidentsk\u00fdmi vo\u013ebami, tak sa tradi\u010dne do popredia bud\u00fa dost\u00e1va\u0165 ot\u00e1zky o legalite a legitimite volebn\u00e9ho procesu, ktor\u00fd u\u017e od spom\u00ednan\u00e9ho roku 2013 sa nenach\u00e1dza pod feder\u00e1lnou ochranou. T\u00fdm sa ruka v ruke zvy\u0161uje relevantnos\u0165 stran\u00edckej politiky v jednotliv\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch, \u010do otv\u00e1ra priestor na nov\u00e9 diskusie, pozorovania a bude koniec koncov ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 smerovanie Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov ako tak\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]ONION, R.: Tke the \u201cimpossible\u201d literacy test Louisiana gave black voters in 1960\u2019s. <\/em>[online], [cit. 27\/1\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/slate.com\/human-interest\/2013\/06\/voting-rights-and-the-supreme-court-the-impossible-literacy-test-louisiana-used-to-give-black-voters.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]Voting Rights: A Short History. <\/em>[online], [cit. 27\/1\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.carnegie.org\/our-work\/article\/voting-rights-timeline\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] ONION, R.: Ref. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] ANNEAR, S.: Even Harvard Students Failed The 1964 Louisiana Literacy Test. <\/em>[online], [cit. 27\/1\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.bostonmagazine.com\/news\/2014\/11\/07\/harvard-students-failed-the-1964-louisiana-literacy-test\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] ONION, R.: Ref. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] CRAYTON, K.: The Voting Rights Act Explained. <\/em>[online], [cit. 27\/1\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/research-reports\/voting-rights-act-explained>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Shelby County v. Holder. <\/em>[online], [cit. 27\/1\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/2012\/12-96>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] COHEN, A.: No One in America Should Have to Wait 7 Hours to Vote. <\/em>[online], [cit. 27\/1\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2012\/11\/no-one-in-america-should-have-to-wait-7-hours-to-vote\/264506\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] LOPEZ, T.: Shelby County: One Year Later.  <\/em>[online], [cit. 27\/1\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/research-reports\/shelby-county-one-year-later>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Why Voting in This U.S. Elections Will Not Be Equal.  <\/em>[online], [cit. 27\/1\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UYgX1ONUkq4&list=WL&index=124>. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V roku 1964 na z\u00edskanie opr\u00e1vnenia voli\u0165 v \u0161t\u00e1te Louisiana bol ob\u010dan n\u00faten\u00fd na z\u00edskanie opr\u00e1vnenia voli\u0165 vyplni\u0165 test gramotnosti. Tento test gramotnosti trval 10 min\u00fat a obsahoval 30 ot\u00e1zok, kde jedin\u00e1 zl\u00e1 odpove\u010f mohla v o\u010diach komisie posudzuj\u00facej test znamena\u0165 zamedzenie pr\u00e1va voli\u0165. Probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1val v sp\u00f4sobe ako boli samotn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky koncipovan\u00e9. Recipient testu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-770","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"\nLegislat\u00edvne prek\u00e1\u017eky obmedzuj\u00face hlasovanie v USA - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=770\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Legislat\u00edvne prek\u00e1\u017eky obmedzuj\u00face hlasovanie v USA - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V roku 1964 na z\u00edskanie opr\u00e1vnenia voli\u0165 v \u0161t\u00e1te Louisiana bol ob\u010dan n\u00faten\u00fd na z\u00edskanie opr\u00e1vnenia voli\u0165 vyplni\u0165 test gramotnosti. Tento test gramotnosti trval 10 min\u00fat a obsahoval 30 ot\u00e1zok, kde jedin\u00e1 zl\u00e1 odpove\u010f mohla v o\u010diach komisie posudzuj\u00facej test znamena\u0165 zamedzenie pr\u00e1va voli\u0165. Probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1val v sp\u00f4sobe ako boli samotn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky koncipovan\u00e9. 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