{"id":717,"date":"2023-12-31T19:22:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-31T18:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=717"},"modified":"2023-12-31T17:35:57","modified_gmt":"2023-12-31T16:35:57","slug":"demograficky-boj-ciny-s-natalitou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=717","title":{"rendered":"Demografick\u00fd boj \u010c\u00edny s natalitou"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Hlavn\u00e9 \u010dinitele demografie v \u010c\u00ednskej \u013eudovej republike<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Popula\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj v \u010c\u00edne predstavuje jeden z doposia\u013e najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00edch demografick\u00fdch javov. Tak ve\u013ek\u00e1 krajina si v pomerne kr\u00e1tkom \u010dasovom obdob\u00ed pre\u0161la n\u00e1hlymi zmenami v troch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch demografick\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eoch, a to v p\u00f4rodnosti, mortalite a migr\u00e1cii. V t\u00fdchto javoch hovor\u00edme najm\u00e4 o rap\u00eddnom poklese. Pri tomto sk\u00faman\u00ed, je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 prepojene politick\u00fdch a ekonomick\u00fdch javov v krajine. Rap\u00eddne demografick\u00e9 zmeny v \u010c\u00edne je potrebn\u00e9 ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ako v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed komplex. V dne\u0161nom svete nie je mo\u017en\u00e9, aby zmena v popul\u00e1cii v krajine tak trhovo d\u00f4le\u017eitej neniesla glob\u00e1lny dopad. Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed \u010dinite\u013e naprie\u010d hist\u00f3riou krajiny ost\u00e1va aj do dne\u0161n\u00e9ho d\u0148a vl\u00e1da, ktor\u00e1 od minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia najm\u00e4 v oblasti natality kontroluje svojich ob\u010danov. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politick\u00e9 kampane so z\u00e1merom kontroly popul\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vl\u00e1da \u010c\u00ednskej \u013eudovej republiky bola na jej samom za\u010diatku prenat\u00e1lna. Verili, \u017ee je potrebn\u00e9 po vojn\u00e1ch a \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch \u010dasoch zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 popul\u00e1ciu. Av\u0161ak ke\u010f p\u00f4rodnos\u0165 za\u010dala v prv\u00fdch dek\u00e1dach vl\u00e1dnutia st\u00fapa\u0165 a mortalita klesa\u0165, pri\u0161li prv\u00e9 obavy, \u010di dok\u00e1\u017eu \u010d\u00ednske polia a potravinov\u00fd priemysel u\u017eivi\u0165 prudko narastaj\u00faci po\u010det obyvate\u013eov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlavn\u00fd predstavite\u013e vl\u00e1dnucej strany Mao Zedong veril, \u017ee pl\u00e1novanie a obmedzenie p\u00f4rodnosti je nevyhnutn\u00e9. Jedine t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom m\u00f4\u017ee \u010c\u00edna ekonomicky napredova\u0165 a sta\u0165 sa svetovou ve\u013emocou.[1]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My\u0161lienka za akouko\u013evek regul\u00e1ciou popul\u00e1cie ost\u00e1va prost\u00e1. Ak \u010ditate\u013e v ekonomickej rovnici \u2013 z\u00e1soba obilia, nem\u00f4\u017ee r\u00e1s\u0165 dostato\u010dnou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou, menovate\u013e \u2013 popula\u010dn\u00e1 z\u00e1klad\u0148a, sa mus\u00ed zmen\u0161i\u0165.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prv\u00e9 ofici\u00e1lne kampane s my\u0161lienkou kontrolovania p\u00f4rodnosti \u0161t\u00e1tom pri\u0161li u\u017e v 60. rokoch 20. storo\u010dia. Neboli v\u0161ak ve\u013emi efekt\u00edvne, koncentrovali sa najm\u00e4 na vidiek a ich efekt na demografickom v\u00fdvoji popul\u00e1cie je takmer zanedbate\u013en\u00fd. D\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie ako v\u00fdsledky v\u0161ak bol psychologick\u00fd efekt, ktor\u00fd prv\u00e9 nen\u00e1siln\u00e9 kampane vyvolali na popul\u00e1cii. Pomal\u00e9 predstavenie regulovania popul\u00e1cie \u0161t\u00e1tom najprv v podobe odpor\u00fa\u010dania vytvorili p\u00f4du pre \u010fal\u0161ie drastickej\u0161ie kampane, ktor\u00e9 sa nesk\u00f4r nestretli so skoro \u017eiadnym odporom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

WAN XI SHAO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prv\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00e1 kampa\u0148 (st\u00e1le v\u0161ak len s odpor\u00fa\u010dac\u00edm charakterom) poch\u00e1dza z roku 1971 a nesie n\u00e1zov WAN XI SHAO. Jej trvanie je ud\u00e1vane a\u017e do konca dek\u00e1dy, kedy ju nahradili\u00a0 legislat\u00edvne \u00fapravy. My\u0161lienka je zn\u00e1ma u\u017e v samotnom n\u00e1zve, WAN znamen\u00e1 neskor\u00e1 svadba, XI dlh\u0161\u00ed interval medzi de\u0165mi a SHAO menej p\u00f4rodov. Od tohto roku za\u010dali by\u0165 r\u00f4zne formy kontracepcie a umel\u00e9 ukon\u010denia tehotenstva dostupn\u00e9 zadarmo pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch ob\u010danov. Ofici\u00e1lne vl\u00e1da odpor\u00fa\u010dala, aby\u00a0 jeden p\u00e1r \u017eij\u00faci v meste nemal viac ako 2 deti a p\u00e1r \u017eij\u00faci na vidieku viac ako 3 deti.[3]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politika jedn\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Svetovo najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ia a z\u00e1rove\u0148 prv\u00e1 kampa\u0148 na kontrolu popul\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e1 v sebe nesie aj \u00fapravu z\u00e1konov bola politika jedn\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a. T\u00e1to kampa\u0148 za\u010dala v roku 1980 a nahradila jej predchodcu kampa\u0148 WAN XI SHAO. Od tohto roku boli v\u0161etky p\u00e1ry z\u00e1konom limitovan\u00e9 na 1 die\u0165a s povinnos\u0165ou z\u00edska\u0165 povolenie na p\u00f4rod od lok\u00e1lneho \u00faradn\u00edka. \u010c\u00ednska vl\u00e1da verila, \u017ee touto politikou spln\u00ed svoj stanoven\u00fd cie\u013e \u2013 ma\u0165 do roku 2000 popul\u00e1ciu nie v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu ako 1,2 miliardy \u013eud\u00ed. Hlavn\u00fd argument prezentovan\u00fd na zd\u00f4vodnenie tejto politiky spo\u010d\u00edval v zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u017eivotnej \u00farovne pre \u010fal\u0161ie gener\u00e1cie. Deti \u010fal\u0161ej gener\u00e1cie sa maj\u00fa rodi\u0165 do prosperuj\u00facej krajiny, kde ob\u010dania nepoznaj\u00fa hladomor \u010di chudobu.[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv predo\u0161lej prvej kampane m\u00f4\u017eeme pozorova\u0165 na prijat\u00ed legislat\u00edvnej \u00fapravy ob\u010danmi. \u0160t\u00fadia z roku 1980 na \u017een\u00e1ch v Pekingu zis\u0165ovala verejn\u00fa mienku na t\u00fato politiku. A\u017e 50% \u017eien si myslelo, \u017ee t\u00e1to politika prospieva de\u0165om, 70% odpovedalo, \u017ee t\u00e1to politika prospieva aj matke a 90% \u017eien sa stoto\u017e\u0148ovalo s n\u00e1zorom, \u017ee politika jedn\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a prospieva n\u00e1rodu. Na ot\u00e1zku, \u010di po\u010det det\u00ed je na rozhodnut\u00ed jednotlivca len 42,4% \u017eien odpovedalo \u00e1no. Na ot\u00e1zku, \u010di n\u00e1rod mus\u00ed adaptova\u0165 politiku na kontrolu popul\u00e1cie a\u017e 82,8% \u017eien odpovedalo \u00e1no. T\u00e1to \u0161t\u00fadia poukazuje, \u017ee politika jedn\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a sa nestretla so \u017eiadnym ve\u013ek\u00fdm odporom, \u017eeny ju brali ako svoju ob\u010diansku povinnos\u0165 vo\u010di \u0161t\u00e1tu.[5]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Motiv\u00e1ciu za podradenie sa tejto politike rozd\u00e1val \u0161t\u00e1t v podobe r\u00f4znych v\u00fdhod. Za podst\u00fapenie steriliz\u00e1cie mohol ob\u010dan dosta\u0165 pracovn\u00e9 vo\u013eno. Ak mal p\u00e1r len jedno die\u0165a, v\u0161etky v\u00fddavky na zdravotn\u00fa starostlivos\u0165 do jeho 14. roka \u017eivota hradil \u0161t\u00e1t. Pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee die\u0165a, ktor\u00e9 je jedin\u00e1\u010dik bude prijat\u00e9\u00a0 na dobr\u00fa vysok\u00fa \u0161kolu, alebo dostane lep\u0161iu pracovn\u00fa ponuku bola ove\u013ea v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu ako u ob\u010danov, ktor\u00ed neboli jedin\u00fdm die\u0165a\u0165om v rodine. Rodi\u010dia jedin\u00e1\u010dika dost\u00e1vali vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd pr\u00edspevok.[6]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V pr\u00edpade, ak \u017eena otehotnela pri\u010dom p\u00e1r u\u017e jedno die\u0165a mal a rozhodla si ho necha\u0165, bolo potrebn\u00e9 zaplati\u0165 sank\u010dn\u00fd poplatok. Navy\u0161e bol plat ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z rodi\u010dov zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd o 10% po\u010das \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 14. rokov. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politika dvoch det\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politika jedn\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a za\u010d\u00edna po 20. rokoch slabn\u00fa\u0165. V roku 2000 \u010d\u00ednska vl\u00e1da uvo\u013enila opatrenia a uviedla 22 v\u00fdnimiek, ktor\u00e9 v\u010faka zastaveniu prudk\u00e9mu rastu popul\u00e1cie a ekonomick\u00e9mu napredovaniu krajiny povol\u00ed ma\u0165 ist\u00fdm rodin\u00e1m viac ako 1 die\u0165a. Ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u00e1r mohol ma\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie die\u0165a ak prv\u00e9 die\u0165a bolo zdravotne, alebo ment\u00e1lne postihnut\u00e9. Taktie\u017e mohla dvojica po\u017eiada\u0165 o povolenie na \u010fal\u0161ie die\u0165a, ak od narodenia prv\u00e9ho die\u0165a uplynul dlh\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd interval. V roku 2013 u\u017e bolo povolen\u00e9 druh\u00e9 die\u0165a v\u0161etk\u00fdm p\u00e1rom, ak aspo\u0148 jeden rodi\u010d bol jedin\u00e1\u010dik.[7]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Definit\u00edvny p\u00e1d politiky jedn\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a pri\u0161iel v roku 2015. V\u0161etk\u00fdm p\u00e1rom bolo povolen\u00e9 ma\u0165 2 deti, ale st\u00e1le bola odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e1 osobn\u00e1 regul\u00e1cia ob\u010danov. Cie\u013eom bolo podpori\u0165 pr\u00ednos potencion\u00e1lnych pracovn\u00edkov do ekonomiky, nako\u013eko aj vl\u00e1da si za\u010dala uvedomova\u0165 probl\u00e9m starn\u00facej popul\u00e1cie, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee vyvrcholi\u0165 nedostatkom pracovnej sily. Bol zaveden\u00fd pojem suzhi, ktor\u00fd znamen\u00e1 kvalita nad kvantitu, teda rad\u0161ej jedno die\u0165a, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee dosta\u0165 najlep\u0161ie vzdelanie a najlep\u0161iu v\u00fdchovu, ako 2 deti, ktor\u00e9 dostan\u00fa len o polovicu tak dobr\u00e9 prostriedky a pr\u00edle\u017eitosti.[8]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Probl\u00e9m starn\u00facej popul\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdm najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom \u010c\u00edny je nezvl\u00e1dnutie v\u00fdmeny starn\u00facej popul\u00e1ciu. V roku 2010 bolo a\u017e 12% obyvate\u013estva nad 65 rokov. Je predpokladan\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161enie tejto hodnoty na 30% do roku 2050.[9]<\/a>\u00a0 Ot\u00e1zkou teda zost\u00e1va, kto ponesie ekon\u00f3miu \u010c\u00edny, a kto sa postar\u00e1 o mnohopo\u010detn\u00fa star\u0161iu popul\u00e1ciu.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dopad selekt\u00edvnej aborcie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m, s ktor\u00fdm sa mus\u00ed \u010c\u00edna vysporiada\u0165 je nerovnomern\u00e9 rozlo\u017eenie pohlav\u00ed v popul\u00e1cii. Be\u017en\u00e1 proporcia pohlav\u00ed je 105 naroden\u00fdch chlapcov na 100 diev\u010dat. V \u010c\u00edne sa v\u0161ak tento podiel pohybuje na hodnote 118 chlapcov na 100 diev\u010dat.[10]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f4vod pre\u010do je medzi novonaroden\u00fdmi diev\u010datami a chlapcami tak\u00fdto ve\u013ek\u00fd rozdiel je potrebn\u00e9 h\u013eada\u0165 na mape. Najhor\u0161ie s\u00fa na tom regi\u00f3ny, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa najviac rozvinut\u00e9 a t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom bolo naj\u0165a\u017e\u0161ie ukry\u0165 tehotenstvo. Mnoh\u00e9 p\u00e1ry podstupovali umel\u00e9 ukon\u010denie tehotenstva a\u017e k\u00fdm ne\u010dakali chlapca.[11]<\/a>\u00a0 Tento pr\u00edstup plynie z historick\u00e9ho nastavenia v spolo\u010dnosti – ka\u017ed\u00e1 rodina t\u00fa\u017eila po dedi\u010dovi, ktor\u00fd musel by\u0165 mu\u017e.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politika tretieho die\u0165a\u0165a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V 21. storo\u010d\u00ed sa pokles popul\u00e1cie a jej starn\u00faci charakter v \u010c\u00edne stal neignorovate\u013en\u00fdm javom, proti ktor\u00e9mu musela vl\u00e1da predstavi\u0165 nov\u00e9 opatrenia na ochranu ekonomiky a bud\u00facnosti krajiny. Preto v roku 2021 \u010c\u00edna povolila v\u0161etk\u00fdm p\u00e1rom ma\u0165 3 deti. R\u00e9torika vl\u00e1dy sa zmenila a propagandu za menej det\u00ed vymenila propaganda za viac det\u00ed. V tomto roku \u010d\u00ednska vl\u00e1da za\u010d\u00edna poskytova\u0165 aj ve\u013ek\u00fa soci\u00e1lnu d\u00e1vku po\u010das materskej dovolenky. Taktie\u017e po\u010das nej zaru\u010dia rodi\u010dom ochranu pracovn\u00e9ho miesta<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zbohatn\u00fa\u0165 sk\u00f4r ako zostarn\u00fa\u0165<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kv\u00f4li tomuto \u010dinite\u013eovi stoj\u00ed krajina pred ve\u013ek\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom, a jej pl\u00e1n  zbohatn\u00fa\u0165 sa men\u00ed na heslo zbohatn\u00fa\u0165 sk\u00f4r ako zostarn\u00fa\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aktu\u00e1lne sa v\u00fdvoj starn\u00facej popul\u00e1cie nach\u00e1dza v hodnote, kedy ju nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 prirodzen\u00fdm v\u00fdvinom zvr\u00e1ti\u0165. Vinn\u00edk sa h\u013ead\u00e1 ve\u013emi \u013eahko, a potvrdia n\u00e1m ho aj prieskumy verejnej mienky, predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faca propaganda regul\u00e1cie popul\u00e1cie ostala v \u013eu\u010foch tak silno zaryt\u00e1, \u017ee je u\u017e nemo\u017en\u00e9 ju zvr\u00e1ti\u0165. V momente,  ke\u010f nastane pokles v\u00fdrobnej sily na z\u00e1klade nedostatku ekonomicky akt\u00edvnej popul\u00e1cie sa \u010c\u00edna bude musie\u0165 spo\u013eahn\u00fa\u0165 na automatiz\u00e1ciu, no nie je ist\u00e9, \u010di stroje dok\u00e1\u017eu nahradi\u0165 ne\u017enos\u0165 \u013eudskej pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ot\u00e1zkou zost\u00e1va, ak\u00e9 bud\u00fa kroky \u010d\u00ednskej vl\u00e1dnucej strany v tomto storo\u010d\u00ed. V tomto bode nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyl\u00fa\u010di\u0165, \u017ee vl\u00e1da siahne po zbrani, ktor\u00fa m\u00e1 na svojich ob\u010danoch u\u017e rokmi overen\u00fa. Propaganda p\u00f4rodnosti, pr\u00edpadne legislat\u00edvna \u00faprava prikazuj\u00faca p\u00f4rodnos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee pokojne p\u00edsa\u0165 bud\u00facnos\u0165 demografie \u010c\u00ednskej \u013eudovej republiky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] RILEY, E. N. 2017. Population in China. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. 238 s. ISBN 978-0-7456-8863-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] RILEY, E. N. 2017. Population in China. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. 238 s. ISBN 978-0-7456-8863-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] YUNXIANG, Y. 2003. Private Life Under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese Village 1949-1999. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 190 s. ISBN 978-0804744560<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] YUNXIANG, Y. 2003. Private Life Under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese Village 1949-1999. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 190 s. ISBN 978-0804744560<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] RILEY, E. N. 2017. Population in China. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. 238 s. ISBN 978-0-7456-8863-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] RILEY, E. N. 2017. Population in China. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. 238 s. ISBN 978-0-7456-8863-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] RILEY, E. N. 2017. Population in China. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. 238 s. ISBN 978-0-7456-8863-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] YUNXIANG, Y. 2003. Private Life Under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese Village 1949-1999. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 190 s. ISBN 978-0804744560<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] RILEY, E. N. 2017. Population in China. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. 238 s. ISBN 978-0-7456-8863-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] RILEY, E. N. 2017. Population in China. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. 238 s. ISBN 978-0-7456-8863-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] RILEY, E. N. 2017. Population in China. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. 238 s. ISBN 978-0-7456-8863-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

McDonell, S. 2021. China allows three children in major policy shift. BBC [online].\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-china-57303592>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Hlavn\u00e9 \u010dinitele demografie v \u010c\u00ednskej \u013eudovej republike Popula\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj v \u010c\u00edne predstavuje jeden z doposia\u013e najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00edch demografick\u00fdch javov. Tak ve\u013ek\u00e1 krajina si v pomerne kr\u00e1tkom \u010dasovom obdob\u00ed pre\u0161la n\u00e1hlymi zmenami v troch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch demografick\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eoch, a to v p\u00f4rodnosti, mortalite a migr\u00e1cii. V t\u00fdchto javoch hovor\u00edme najm\u00e4 o rap\u00eddnom poklese. Pri tomto sk\u00faman\u00ed, je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"\nDemografick\u00fd boj \u010c\u00edny s natalitou - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=717\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Demografick\u00fd boj \u010c\u00edny s natalitou - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hlavn\u00e9 \u010dinitele demografie v \u010c\u00ednskej \u013eudovej republike Popula\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj v \u010c\u00edne predstavuje jeden z doposia\u013e najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00edch demografick\u00fdch javov. 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