{"id":698,"date":"2023-11-30T20:57:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-30T19:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=698"},"modified":"2023-12-06T20:55:14","modified_gmt":"2023-12-06T19:55:14","slug":"holandsko-vpravooo-bok","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=698","title":{"rendered":"Holandsko, Vpravooo bok!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V Holandsku je chladn\u00e1 volebn\u00e1 noc z 22. na 23. novembra 2023. Exit-poll pre holandsk\u00fd denn\u00edk NL Times ukazuje prekvapiv\u00e9 d\u00e1ta,[1]<\/a> ktor\u00e9 o p\u00e1r hod\u00edn s pr\u00edchodom ofici\u00e1lnych v\u00fdsledkov otras\u00fa politick\u00fdm enviromentom tradi\u010dne liber\u00e1lneho a progres\u00edvneho z\u00e1padoeur\u00f3pskeho \u0161t\u00e1tu. \u201eV Holandsku zv\u00ed\u0165azilo PVV\u201c, aj v takomto duchu sa niesli tituln\u00e9 strany mnoh\u00fdch eur\u00f3pskych nov\u00edn. V\u00fdsledok prekvapil ako ob\u010danov, tak aj politol\u00f3gov, ktor\u00ed do z\u00e1tvorky Partij voor de Vrijheid – Strana slobody (PVV) nepova\u017eovali za favorita volieb do Snemovne reprezentantov. Prieskumy verejnej mienky av\u0161ak poukazovali na n\u00e1hly n\u00e1rast volebn\u00fdch preferenci\u00ed ob\u010danov v prospech PVV, ktor\u00e9 za\u010dali st\u00fapa\u0165 za\u010diatkom novembra,[2]<\/a> no nikto zrejme ne\u010dakal \u017ee behom menej ako \u00a0 mesiaca naber\u00fa v\u00e1hu pre sol\u00eddne percento, ktor\u00e9 krajne pravicovej strane zaist\u00ed siln\u00fd koali\u010dn\u00fd, ale aj vydiera\u010dsk\u00fd potenci\u00e1l. V pr\u00edspevku sa pozrieme bli\u017e\u0161ie na samotn\u00fa stranu PVV a na osobu Geerta Wildersa, ktor\u00e1 je jej tv\u00e1rou. Nesmieme opomen\u00fa\u0165 p\u00e1d predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej Rutteovej vl\u00e1dy a vplyv populizmu, euroskepticizmu \u010di mnoh\u00fdch kr\u00edz, ktor\u00e9 Holandsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo do dne\u0161n\u00e9ho d\u0148a zvieraj\u00fa. Podar\u00ed sa PVV zlo\u017ei\u0165 koal\u00edciu? Ak\u00e1 bude bud\u00facnos\u0165 Holandska v Eur\u00f3pskej \u00danii? Kam v\u00f4bec Holandsko smeruje? Na tieto ot\u00e1zky sa pok\u00fasime n\u00e1js\u0165 odpove\u010f. Tak teda za\u010dnime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kto je Geert Wilders a jeho strana PVV?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Geert Wilders je krajne pravicov\u00fd holandsk\u00fd politik a predseda Strany Slobody (PVV- <\/strong>Partij voor de Vrijheid), jeho parlamentn\u00e1 politick\u00e1 kari\u00e9ra za\u010dala v roku 1998, v ktorom sa stal poslancom Snemovne reprezentantov za konzervat\u00edvne-liber\u00e1lnu stranu VVD (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie). VVD av\u0161ak v roku 2004, ako hovorca strany kv\u00f4li svojej anti-imigra\u010dnej a anti-islamistickej r\u00e9torike opustil a o dva roky na to zalo\u017eil vlastn\u00fa Stranu Slobody, zn\u00e1mu pod skratkou PVV.[3]<\/a> Strana Slobody bola od svojho zalo\u017eenia silne nacionalistick\u00e1 s d\u00f4razom pre siln\u00fa kritiku vo\u010di islamu, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 pod\u013ea Wildersa negat\u00edvny vplyv na holandsk\u00fa kult\u00faru a n\u00e1rod. Wildersov\u00e1 agres\u00edvna r\u00e9torika vo\u010di pris\u0165ahovalcom dlh\u00e9 roky obhajuje striktn\u00e9 imigra\u010dn\u00e9 opatrenia a kontroly hran\u00edc, pri\u010dom t\u00fato politick\u00fa l\u00edniu pova\u017euje za nevyhnutn\u00fa pre zachovanie holandskej kult\u00fary a hodn\u00f4t.[4]<\/a> Zn\u00e1ma je aj jeho kritika Eur\u00f3pskej \u00danie a akejko\u013evek formy eur\u00f3pskej integr\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e1 zneva\u017euje suverenitu a auton\u00f3miu Holandska.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

PVV a Euroskepticizmus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Geert Wilders bol dlhodobo prominentnou postavou eur\u00f3pskej politiky, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm zn\u00e1my pre svoj konzistentn\u00fd euroskepticizmus. V srdci jeho politickej filozofie le\u017e\u00ed obava zachovania n\u00e1rodnej identity. Trv\u00e1 na tom, \u017ee o rozhodnutiach, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa \u010do i len najmen\u0161\u00ed dopad na Holandsko, by malo by\u0165 rozhodovan\u00e9 holandsk\u00fdmi z\u00e1stupcami, namiesto toho aby boli rozhodnutia diktovan\u00e9 z nejakej vzdialenej in\u0161tit\u00facie vn\u00fatri Eur\u00f3pskej \u00danie. Jeho volebn\u00fd program stoj\u00ed na \u201esuver\u00e9nnom Holandsku,.. Holandsku, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 pod kontrolou svoju vlastn\u00fa menu, svoje vlastn\u00e9 hranice a svoje vlastn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1<\/em>\u201c[6]<\/a> T\u00fdmito slovami strana jasne odmieta ak\u00fako\u013evek formu politickej \u00fanie v r\u00e1mci E\u00da, \u201ein\u0161tit\u00facie, ktor\u00e1 si viac a viac uzurpuje moc, nas\u00e1va peniaze da\u0148ov\u00fdch poplatn\u00edkov, a nasto\u013euje vo\u010di n\u00e1m dikt\u00e1t<\/em>\u201c.[7]<\/a>\u00a0Tak\u00e1to advok\u00e1cia n\u00e1rodnej auton\u00f3mie je doplnen\u00e1 jeho kritikou\u00a0 \u201edemokratick\u00e9ho deficitu\u201c vo vn\u00fatri E\u00da, ktor\u00fd hovor\u00ed o tom, \u017ee rozhodovac\u00edm procesom ch\u00fdba transparentnos\u0165 a priama demokratick\u00e1 zodpovednos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 je pod\u013ea Wildersa pre spr\u00e1vne fungovanie demokracie esenci\u00e1lna. Jeho n\u00e1zor zdie\u013eaj\u00fa mnoh\u00ed euroskeptici, pri\u010dom sa probl\u00e9mu n\u00e1rastu euroskepticizmu, poklesu permis\u00edvneho konsenzu a komplexite vl\u00e1dnutia v kontexte E\u00da venuj\u00fa r\u00f4zni politick\u00ed vedci ako Hooghe & Marks<\/em> vo svojom pr\u00edspevku Sources of Euroscepticism<\/em>,[8]<\/a> v ktorom sa za pomoci literat\u00fary sociol\u00f3gov, \u0161pecialistov na verejn\u00fa mienku, \u010di politick\u00e9 strany, sna\u017eia pr\u00eds\u0165 na to, \u010do vedie \u013eud\u00ed k podpore a adopcii euroskepticizmu a n\u00e1zorov z neho vypl\u00fdvaj\u00facich. Naopak probl\u00e9mu demokratick\u00e9ho deficitu sa prizmou realizmu, multilater\u00e1lneho vl\u00e1dnutia a suverenity venovali Beetz & Rossi vo svojom \u010dl\u00e1nku The EU\u00b4s democratic deficit in a realist key.<\/em>[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je to pr\u00e1ve euroskepticizmus, ktor\u00fd bol jedn\u00fdm z hlavn\u00fdch hnac\u00edch s\u00edl n\u00e1rastu sily populistick\u00fdch l\u00eddrov a krajne pravicov\u00fdch str\u00e1n. Slovami talianskeho filozofa a politick\u00e9ho aktivistu z Lond\u00fdnskej Univerzity Lorenza Marsiliho je mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1rast euroskepticizmu vysvetli\u0165 ne\u00faspechom eur\u00f3pskych l\u00eddrov uspokoji\u0165 kolekt\u00edvne po\u017eiadavky Eur\u00f3panov t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa bezpe\u010dnosti \u010di n\u00e1rastu n\u00e1kladov na \u017eivobytie naprie\u010d celou Eur\u00f3pou.[10]<\/a> Rast politickej nespokojnosti obyvate\u013eov star\u00e9ho kontinentu v mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch koreluje s n\u00e1rastom euroskepticizmu a negat\u00edvnej verejnej mienky[11]<\/a> vo vz\u0165ahu k eur\u00f3pskym in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00e1m. \u010ci u\u017e je to ma\u010farsk\u00fd Fidesz, po\u013esk\u00e1 strana Prawo i Sprawiedliwo\u015b\u0107, nemeck\u00fd AfD, alebo talianski Fratelli d\u00b4Italia a mnoho \u010fal\u0161\u00edch. V\u0161etky tieto strany zo\u017eali svoj vzostup za b\u00farliv\u00e9ho po\u010dasia nacionalizmu a kritiky E\u00da. T\u00e1to b\u00farka sa nakoniec dostala aj do Holandska, ktor\u00e9ho politick\u00e1 sc\u00e9na je s\u00fa\u010dasne v patovej situ\u00e1cii rokovan\u00ed o bud\u00facej koal\u00edcii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e1d Rutteho vl\u00e1dy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vo\u013eby do dolnej snemovne konaj\u00face sa 22. novembra boli v tomto pr\u00edpade pred\u010dasn\u00e9. Po tom, \u010do 7. j\u00fala padla \u0161tvrt\u00e1 vl\u00e1da Marka Rutteho. Kolaps vl\u00e1dnej koal\u00edcie str\u00e1n VVD[12]<\/a>, D66[13]<\/a>, CDA[14]<\/a> a CU[15]<\/a> zapr\u00ed\u010dinili nezhody o navrhovanej legislat\u00edve t\u00fdkaj\u00facej sa dlhoro\u010dne citlivej migra\u010dnej politiky. Holandsk\u00e1 konsenzu\u00e1lna politika bola av\u0161ak na\u0161trben\u00e1 vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdm nes\u00fahlasom a fin\u00e1lny \u00b4deal\u00b4 azylovej politiky sa uzavrie\u0165 nepodarilo po tom \u010do predseda kabinetu Mark Rutte na st\u00f4l polo\u017eil neprijate\u013en\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky. Jeho ultim\u00e1tum koali\u010dn\u00fdm partnerom nakoniec viedlo k hlasovaniu o vyhl\u00e1sen\u00ed ned\u00f4very vl\u00e1de, ktor\u00e9 dolnou snemov\u0148ou aj z\u00e1konne pre\u0161lo a politik, ktor\u00fd bol po obdobie trin\u00e1stich rokov primus inter pares <\/em>bol tak n\u00faten\u00fd predlo\u017ei\u0165 holandsk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1\u013eovi dekr\u00e9t o rezign\u00e1cii.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co \u010falej?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To \u010do n\u00e1m prinesie bud\u00facnos\u0165 v oblasti holandskej politiky zatia\u013e nie je zn\u00e1me, ka\u017ed\u00fdm d\u0148om sa ved\u00fa vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9 rokovania politick\u00fdch str\u00e1n, ktor\u00fdch sa tohto roku do parlamentu v\u010faka tradi\u010dne n\u00edzkemu kv\u00f3ru dostalo p\u00e4tn\u00e1s\u0165. Verejnosti samozrejme nie s\u00fa zn\u00e1me z\u00e1kulisn\u00e9 hry a vyjedn\u00e1vania. To \u010do sa zatia\u013e vie, poch\u00e1dza z tla\u010de a ofici\u00e1lnych stanov\u00edsk jednotliv\u00fdch str\u00e1n. Jedin\u00e1 strana, ktor\u00e1 zatia\u013e vyl\u00fa\u010dila spolu\u00fa\u010das\u0165 vo vl\u00e1dnej koal\u00edcii s krajne pravicov\u00fdm Wildersom je b\u00fdvala vl\u00e1dna strana VVD, ktor\u00e1 sa zrejme chop\u00ed agendy \u201ep\u00e1ntovej strany\u201c a PVV by podporila iba v legislat\u00edve, ktor\u00e1 by bola v im lahodiacej ideologickej l\u00ednii a predstavovala by relevantn\u00e9 probl\u00e9mov\u00e9 rie\u0161enia.[17]<\/a> Wilders aj na\u010falej h\u013ead\u00e1 koali\u010dn\u00fdch partnerov k sformovaniu nov\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dneho kabinetu. Ak by sa mu to podarilo, stal by sa prv\u00fdm krajne-pravicov\u00fdm politick\u00fdm l\u00eddrom od v\u00fdhry Georgii Meloni v Taliansku. Holan\u010fania boli taktie\u017e svedkom moder\u00e1cie Wildersov\u00fdch stanov\u00edsk a presved\u010den\u00ed smerom bli\u017e\u0161ie k politick\u00e9mu stredu, rovnako ako to bolo u in\u00fdch krajne pravicov\u00fdch politikov, za \u00fa\u010delom pribl\u00ed\u017eenia sa k ostatn\u00fdm stran\u00e1m a potencion\u00e1lnemu h\u013eadaniu koali\u010dn\u00fdch partnerov. Po jeho volebnej v\u00fdhre v centr\u00e1le PVV povedal, \u017ee chce by\u0165 premi\u00e9rom \u201epre v\u0161etk\u00fdch\u201c[18]<\/a> a jeho mo\u017en\u00fd kabinet v \u017eiadnom pr\u00edpade nebude h\u00e1ji\u0165 ani uv\u00e1dza\u0165 opatrenia, ktor\u00e9 by boli v rozpore s \u00fastavou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co to znamen\u00e1 pre Eur\u00f3pu?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PVV vzi\u0161lo ako v\u00ed\u0165az volieb, zais\u0165uj\u00faci si 37 kresiel v Snemovni reprezentantov. Zatia\u013e \u010do sformovanie vl\u00e1dy nie je ist\u00e9, v\u00ed\u0165azstvo Geerta Wildersa predstavuje v\u00fdzvy pre Eur\u00f3psku \u00daniu. H\u013eadiac na jeho anti-EU postavenie, volanie po referende o\u00a0 \u201eNexite\u201c, a negat\u00edvnemu postoju podpory Ukrajine[19]<\/a> je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee v pr\u00edpade sformovania kabinetu sa m\u00f4\u017ee Holandsko sta\u0165 probl\u00e9mov\u00fdm die\u0165a\u0165om v ekonomickej \u00fanii, ktor\u00fa v roku 1951 pom\u00e1halo zaklada\u0165. Analytici uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa,\u00a0 \u017ee aj v pr\u00edpade vzniku kabinetu bez Wildersa, by bola debata v dolnej snemovni jasne ovplyvnen\u00e1 PVV a to len v\u010faka jej robustn\u00e9mu postaveniu\u00a0 v 150 \u010dlenom zbore. Na v\u00fdsledky rokovan\u00ed si zrejme mus\u00edme po\u010dka\u0165, no dovtedy sa zrejme bud\u00fa politol\u00f3gia, sociol\u00f3govia a r\u00f4zni experti humanitn\u00fdch oborov p\u00fdta\u0165, \u010do viedlo k v\u00ed\u0165azstvu krajnej pravice, v tradi\u010dne liber\u00e1lnom, progres\u00edvnom a otvorenom \u0161t\u00e1te.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] Exit poll puts far-right PVV as the largest party in Dutch parliament with defiant win, 22. 11. 2023, \u010dl\u00e1nok v NL Times – https:\/\/nltimes.nl\/2023\/11\/22\/exit-poll-puts-far-right-pvv-largest-party-dutch-parliament-defiant-win<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Politico-Poll of Polls – https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/europe-poll-of-polls\/netherlands\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Snemovna reprezentantov, Biografia, Geert Wilders – https:\/\/www.tweedekamer.nl\/kamerleden_en_commissies\/alle_kamerleden\/wilders-g-pvv\/biografie<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Manifest strany PVV, online preklad – https:\/\/www.pvv.nl\/images\/2023\/PVV-Verkiezingsprogramma-2023.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Ibid<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Wilders and the PVV: What do they stand for?, 23.11.2023, \u010dl\u00e1nok v France24 – https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20231123-wilders-and-the-pvv-what-do-they-stand-for<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Ibid<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Hooghe & Marks, 2007.,  Sources of Euroscepticism,<\/em> University of Amsterdam, Department of political Science a University of North Carolina, Department of Political Science. – https:\/\/garymarks.web.unc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13018\/2016\/09\/hooghe_marks_sources-of-euroskepticism.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Beetz & Rossi, 2017., The EU\u00b4s democratic deficit in a realist key: multilateral governance, popular sovereignty and critical responsiveness<\/em>, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Amsterdam, online – https:\/\/pure.uva.nl\/ws\/files\/43691913\/The_EU_s_democratic_deficit_in_a_realist_key_multilateral_governance_popular_sovereignty_and_critical_responsiveness.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Are we heading towards a far-right European Union?, 19.7.2023, \u010dl\u00e1nok v Al Jazeera – https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/7\/19\/are-we-heading-towards-a-far-right-european-union<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] Support for Eurosceptic parties doubles in two decades across EU, 2.3.2020, \u010dl\u00e1nok v The Guardian<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12] VVD- \u013dudov\u00e1 strana za slobodu a demokraciu-konzervat\u00edvny a ekonomick\u00fd liberalizmus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13] D66-Demokrati66- Soci\u00e1lny liberalizmus a progresivizmus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14] CDA-Kres\u0165ansk\u00ed demokrati- kres\u0165ansko demokratick\u00e1 strana so soci\u00e1lno konzervat\u00edvnym c\u00edten\u00edm. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15] CU-Kres\u0165ansk\u00e1 \u00fania- stredne-\u013eavicov\u00e1 kres\u0165ansko demokratick\u00e1 strana<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16] What to Know About the Dutch Government\u00b4s Sudden Collapse-and What Comes Next, 10.7.2023, \u010dl\u00e1nok v TIMES – https:\/\/time.com\/6293255\/mark-rutte-netherlands-government-collapse\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17] Week after shock Wilders win, Dutch government talks set to begin, 28.11.2023, \u010dl\u00e1nok v Reuters – https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/week-after-shock-wilders-win-dutch-government-talks-set-begin-2023-11-28\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18] Ibid<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19] What a Hard-Right Victory in the Netherlands Means for Europe, 22.11.2023, \u010dl\u00e1nok v TIME<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V Holandsku je chladn\u00e1 volebn\u00e1 noc z 22. na 23. novembra 2023. Exit-poll pre holandsk\u00fd denn\u00edk NL Times ukazuje prekvapiv\u00e9 d\u00e1ta,[1] ktor\u00e9 o p\u00e1r hod\u00edn s pr\u00edchodom ofici\u00e1lnych v\u00fdsledkov otras\u00fa politick\u00fdm enviromentom tradi\u010dne liber\u00e1lneho a progres\u00edvneho z\u00e1padoeur\u00f3pskeho \u0161t\u00e1tu. \u201eV Holandsku zv\u00ed\u0165azilo PVV\u201c, aj v takomto duchu sa niesli tituln\u00e9 strany mnoh\u00fdch eur\u00f3pskych nov\u00edn. V\u00fdsledok prekvapil […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"\nHolandsko, Vpravooo bok! - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=698\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Holandsko, Vpravooo bok! - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V Holandsku je chladn\u00e1 volebn\u00e1 noc z 22. na 23. novembra 2023. 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