{"id":632,"date":"2023-09-30T21:24:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-30T19:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=632"},"modified":"2023-09-30T19:55:48","modified_gmt":"2023-09-30T17:55:48","slug":"predchadzanie-genocidam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=632","title":{"rendered":"Predch\u00e1dzanie genoc\u00eddam"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pojem genoc\u00edda sa zaradil do n\u00e1\u0161ho slovn\u00edka v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed a jeho v\u00fdznam n\u00e1s sprev\u00e1dza a\u017e do teraz. P\u00f4vod pojmu vytvoril po\u013esk\u00fd pr\u00e1vnik \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu Raphael Lemkin, ktor\u00fd sa cel\u00fd svoj \u017eivot zaoberal probl\u00e9mami medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va. Za svoju \u00falohu si dal \u0161pecificky definova\u0165 genoc\u00eddu ako samostatn\u00fd zlo\u010din. Z\u00e1kladom slova genoc\u00edda je gr\u00e9cke slovo genos (v preklade kme\u0148, rasa) a pr\u00edpona \u2013cide, odvoden\u00e1 z latinsk\u00e9ho slova caedere \u010do znamen\u00e1 zab\u00edja\u0165.[1]<\/a> Pojem genoc\u00edda nesie teda pod\u013ea Raphaela Lemkina v\u00fdznam zab\u00edjania na z\u00e1klade rasovej pr\u00edslu\u0161nosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aj pomocou Raphaela Lemkina genoc\u00edda dostala aj pr\u00e1vne ukotvenie v medzin\u00e1rodnom pr\u00e1ve. Prv\u00fd krok urobila Organiz\u00e1cia spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov (OSN), ke\u010f v decembri 1946 prijala Rezol\u00faciu 96 (I), kde je pr\u00e1vne prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t pou\u017eit\u00fd pojem genoc\u00edda. Defin\u00edcia genoc\u00eddy v tomto dokumente opisuje pojem ako popretie pr\u00e1va na \u017eivot cel\u00fdch skup\u00edn.[2]<\/a> O dva roky nesk\u00f4r, 9. decembra 1948 je OSN prijat\u00fd Dohovor o zabr\u00e1nen\u00ed a trestan\u00ed zlo\u010dinu genoc\u00edda. Valn\u00e9 zhroma\u017edenie OSN prijalo t\u00fdmto dohovorom \u0161ir\u0161iu defin\u00edciu genoc\u00eddy. Pojem u\u017e sa definuje ako presne stanoven\u00e9 \u010diny s \u00famyslom zni\u010di\u0165 skupinu na z\u00e1klade n\u00e1roda, etnicity, rasy alebo n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, pri\u010dom m\u00f4\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 o celkov\u00e9, alebo \u010diasto\u010dn\u00e9 \u00famyseln\u00e9 zni\u010denie. Medzi stanoven\u00e9 \u010diny s\u00fa zaraden\u00e9 akcie ako zabitie \u010dlenov skupiny, v\u00e1\u017ena telesn\u00e1 a duchovn\u00e1 ujma \u010dlenom skupiny, \u00famyseln\u00e9 zavedenie tak\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00fdch podmienok, ktor\u00fdch z\u00e1merom je de\u0161trukcia skupiny, opatrenia s cie\u013eom zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 natalite skupiny a n\u00e1siln\u00e9 premiest\u0148ovanie det\u00ed. Slovensko prijalo toto znenie 20. decembra 1950 do Trestn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Defin\u00edcia n\u00e1s priv\u00e1dza k ot\u00e1zke, kto a pre\u010do by sa rozhodol zab\u00edja\u0165 na z\u00e1klade rasy. Z\u00e1rodok netreba h\u013eada\u0165 v nen\u00e1visti, ale v pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ekom egu. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee genoc\u00edda nevznik\u00e1 spont\u00e1nne, ale ako pl\u00e1novan\u00fd, systematick\u00fd jav. Politiku genoc\u00eddy tvor\u00ed rovnica, e\u0161te pred samotnou akciou mus\u00ed vznikn\u00fa\u0165 siln\u00fd nacionalistick\u00fd z\u00e1ujem medzi ob\u010danmi v \u0161t\u00e1te. Potom sta\u010d\u00ed t\u00fato my\u0161lienku superiority n\u00e1roda spoji\u0165 s vojenskou prehrou, alebo ekonomickou kr\u00edzou. Do rovnice sa n\u00e1m prid\u00e1 men\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00e1 sa ocitla v \u201ezlom\u201c \u0161t\u00e1te a konflikt s genoc\u00eddou je na svete. Pre charizmatick\u00e9ho vodcu nie je ni\u010d jednoduch\u0161ie ako<\/p>\n\n\n\n

zvali\u0165 vinu za ka\u017ed\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd, politick\u00fd \u010di soci\u00e1lny probl\u00e9m v \u0161t\u00e1te na niekoho in\u00e9ho. Etnick\u00e9, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a in\u00e9 men\u0161iny v \u0161t\u00e1te s\u00fa na t\u00fato situ\u00e1ciu priam stvoren\u00e9. \u013dudia od nepam\u00e4ti odsudzuj\u00fa to, \u010do im je cudzie resp. in\u00e9 ako oni, a ak sa tomu \u201ecudziemu\u201c dar\u00ed v \u0161t\u00e1te viac ako t\u00fdm \u010do predstavuj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu, kriv\u00e9 poh\u013eady na ulici sa vedia \u013eahko premosti\u0165 do \u00faplnej nen\u00e1visti. Iskri\u010dka pre tak\u00fato situ\u00e1ciu vzplanie spolu s politickou kampa\u0148ou, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017ee za\u010da\u0165 bud\u00faci vodca. Akon\u00e1hle ob\u010dan vid\u00ed, \u017ee jeho nen\u00e1vis\u0165 plyn\u00faca zo z\u00e1visti nie je ojedinel\u00e1, psychologicky poci\u0165uje svoju d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 a socializ\u00e1ciu v spolo\u010dnosti. Tak\u00fdmto taktick\u00fdm \u010dinom sa ve\u013emi \u013eahko m\u00f4\u017eu ist\u00e9 men\u0161iny sta\u0165 objektom genoc\u00eddy. Ve\u010f predsa ako jednoduch\u0161ie zjednoti\u0165 krajinu ne\u017e proti nepriate\u013eovi, o to viac, ak V\u00e1\u0161 nepriate\u013e b\u00fdva ved\u013ea V\u00e1s a m\u00e1 nie\u010do, po \u010dom Vy t\u00fa\u017eite..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na ot\u00e1zku, ak\u00e1 bola najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia svetov\u00e1 genoc\u00edda by pravdepodobne v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed odpovedala jednoducho: Holokaust. Holokaust je jednozna\u010dne najviac dokumentovan\u00e1 genoc\u00edda, ale ani z\u010faleka nie je najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia.[4]<\/a> Pre\u010do teda \u013eudia v\u0161eobecne nemaj\u00fa preh\u013ead o ostatn\u00fdch genoc\u00eddach je v\u00fdsledkom viacer\u00fdch faktorov. Pri holokauste i\u0161lo o genoc\u00eddu viacer\u00fdch skup\u00edn \u013eud\u00ed, \u010do pochopite\u013ene zasiahlo mnoho kraj\u00edn (nie len jednu a\u017e dve ako to pri genoc\u00eddach b\u00fdva). Nielen \u017didia, ale aj R\u00f3movia, Slovania, homosexu\u00e1li, fyzicky postihnut\u00ed \u013eudia a vybran\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 skupiny sa stali obe\u0165ami holokaustu a \u017eivot viac ako 6 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed z t\u00fdchto skup\u00edn vyhasol v koncentra\u010dn\u00fdch t\u00e1boroch. T\u00fdm p\u00e1dom, sa holokaust podp\u00edsal na obyvate\u013estve 35 eur\u00f3pskych kraj\u00edn a stal sa ich neoddelite\u013enou historickou trag\u00e9diou. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina vzdel\u00e1vania o genoc\u00eddach v eur\u00f3pskych krajin\u00e1ch sa pohybuje len vo sf\u00e9re holokaustu, najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li historicko-geografickej bl\u00edzkosti. Fakt historicko-geografickej bl\u00edzkosti by v\u0161ak nemal ovplyvni\u0165 nedostatok vzdelania o in\u00fdch genoc\u00eddach, ktor\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslami bezkonkuren\u010dne prevy\u0161uj\u00fa holokaust. Plat\u00ed ale pravidlo, rad\u0161ej menej ako ni\u010d. Je lep\u0161ie, \u017ee \u013eudia maj\u00fa vedomos\u0165 aj ke\u010f iba o jednej genoc\u00edde, ako o \u017eiadnej. Ide\u00e1lne sa toto pravidlo postupom \u010dasu vymen\u00ed za hl\u00e1\u0161ku rad\u0161ej neskoro ako nikdy a znalos\u0165 genoc\u00edd sa medzi obyvate\u013emi Eur\u00f3py roz\u0161\u00edri aj o tie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa geograficky vzdialenej\u0161ie.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doposia\u013e najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou genoc\u00eddou s odhadovan\u00fdm po\u010dtom obet\u00ed okolo 40 mili\u00f3nov a\u017e 70 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed je re\u017eim a kampane zakladate\u013ea \u010c\u00ednskej \u013eudovej republiky a predsedu \u010c\u00ednskej komunistickej strany Maoa Zedonga. Po\u010das jeho vl\u00e1dy v rokoch 1949 a\u017e 1976 vyhladil v \u010c\u00edne viac \u013eud\u00ed ako je s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 popul\u00e1cia Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie.[6]<\/a> Pr\u00e1ve on st\u00e1l za kampa\u0148ami ako Ve\u013ek\u00fd skok vpred (\u010din. \u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb) a Ve\u013ek\u00e1 prolet\u00e1rska kult\u00farna revol\u00facia (\u010din. \u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d). Ve\u013ek\u00fd skok<\/p>\n\n\n\n

v pred bola n\u00e1rodn\u00e1, vl\u00e1dou organizovan\u00e1 kampa\u0148, ktor\u00e1 trvala medzi rokmi 1958 a\u017e 1961. Cie\u013eom bola r\u00fdchla moderniz\u00e1cia a maximaliz\u00e1cia pracovnej sily v potravin\u00e1rskom a po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskom priemysle na vidieku. V skuto\u010dnosti v\u0161ak 98% farm\u00e1rov \u0161t\u00e1t okradol o svoje polia a prin\u00fatil ich pracova\u0165 pre \u0161t\u00e1tne farm\u00e1rske organiz\u00e1cie. Zl\u00e1 \u00faroda a siln\u00fd export potrav\u00edn do zahrani\u010dia (aj do ve\u013ek\u00fdch \u010d\u00ednskych miest) priniesol hladomor na ktor\u00fd iba po\u010das tejto kampane uhynulo 20 a\u017e 45 mili\u00f3nov obyvate\u013eov. Aj ke\u010f to na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead tak nevyzer\u00e1, aj t\u00e1to kampa\u0148 je pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za genoc\u00eddu, preto\u017ee vl\u00e1da zak\u00e1zala obyvate\u013eom vidieka opusti\u0165 svoje obydlie a h\u013eada\u0165 potravu inde, \u010do vyvrcholilo v \u00famyselnom zn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed popul\u00e1cie v nerozvinut\u00fdch \u010dastiach \u010c\u00ednskej \u013eudovej republiky. V druhej kampani vl\u00e1da popravila a st\u00edhala ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kto mohol inklinova\u0165 k in\u00fdm hodnot\u00e1m ako \u010c\u00ednska komunistick\u00e1 strana, osoba bola pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za hrozbu pre n\u00e1rod a prevent\u00edvne popraven\u00e1. Vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 politika \u010c\u00edny je dodnes ve\u013emi uzavret\u00e1 a ve\u013emi pro-genoc\u00eddna.[7]<\/a> Je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 pri tomto \u0161t\u00e1te pou\u017ei\u0165 ak\u00e9ko\u013evek ochrann\u00e9 p\u00e1ky, lebo vl\u00e1da si d\u00e1va ve\u013ek\u00fd pozor komu a \u010do uk\u00e1\u017ee. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u00faplne odstrihn\u00fa\u0165 tak\u00e9ho ve\u013ek\u00e9ho geopolitick\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010da ako \u010c\u00edna, kv\u00f4li predch\u00e1dzaniu glob\u00e1lnym konfliktom. Na druhej strane, je ve\u013ea situ\u00e1ci\u00ed, kde sa mus\u00ed svet nau\u010di\u0165 postavi\u0165 sa proti poru\u0161ovaniu \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Konkr\u00e9tne neda\u0165 niekomu mo\u017enos\u0165 usporiada\u0165 olympijsk\u00e9 hry, ak \u010das\u0165 obyvate\u013estva n\u00e1silne trp\u00ed v pracovn\u00fdch t\u00e1boroch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako pri ka\u017edom probl\u00e9me, tak aj tu plat\u00ed, \u017ee d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je prevencia a odstr\u00e1nenie probl\u00e9mu na jeho \u00faplne za\u010diato\u010dnej f\u00e1ze. Je potrebn\u00e9 pri prvej pochybnosti, alebo pri prejaven\u00ed ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek faktoru nazna\u010duj\u00faceho, \u010di prech\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho genoc\u00edde nastavi\u0165 dostato\u010dne prevent\u00edvne opatrenia, ktor\u00e9 sa m\u00f4\u017eu ad hoc l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165. Tak\u00e9to faktory s\u00fa n\u00e1m empiricky z hist\u00f3rie zn\u00e1me, ide najm\u00e4 o nestabilitu politick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu v krajine, n\u00e1hla zmena politick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu, revol\u00facie, vybran\u00e9 psychologick\u00e9 javy, ekonomick\u00e1 kr\u00edza, uvalenie sankci\u00ed a vzrast n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho fundamentalizmu.[8]<\/a> Taktie\u017e pomerne r\u00fdchle a tich\u00e9 povstanie charizmatick\u00e9ho vodcu, ktor\u00fd d\u00e1va v\u00fdrazn\u00fd d\u00f4raz na nacionalizmus, ako to bolo v Nemecku v medzivojnovom obdob\u00ed, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ako ticho pred b\u00farkou. Jedin\u00e9, \u010do m\u00f4\u017eeme urobi\u0165 je r\u00fdchla reakcia, evalu\u00e1cia faktorov zna\u010diacich genoc\u00eddu a d\u00f4sledn\u00e9 ods\u00fadenie aktov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pred\u00eds\u0165 genoc\u00eddam dok\u00e1\u017eeme len ako \u013eudstvo spolo\u010dne. \u0160\u0165astn\u00ed \u013eudia sa do genoc\u00edd nep\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa a nikto spokojn\u00ed so svoj\u00edm \u017eivotom a \u0161t\u00e1tom nebude vyvol\u00e1va\u0165 nepokoj. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je ve\u013emi \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 niekomu vysvetli\u0165, \u017ee za ich ne\u0161\u0165ast\u00edm nestoj\u00ed vybran\u00e1 skupina \u013eud\u00ed, a ich charizmatick\u00fd vodca pre svojich ob\u010danov nechce v\u017edy to najlep\u0161ie. Je potrebn\u00e9 aby sa svet postavil v ekonomickej, politickej \u010di inej kr\u00edze na stranu t\u00fdch najslab\u0161\u00edch a najviac<\/p>\n\n\n\n

zasiahnut\u00fdch. Akon\u00e1hle si \u013eudia uvedomia, \u017ee v tom nie s\u00fa sami, pred\u00edde sa po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9mu hnevu, ktor\u00fd im niekto z hora natla\u010d\u00ed cez propagandu do hlavy. Kto vie ako by to bolo, keby Nemecko po prvej svetovej vojne neostalo sam\u00e9 a zlomen\u00e9, ale in\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty by jeho ob\u010danom podali pomocn\u00fa ruku a pomohli im dosta\u0165 sa na spr\u00e1vnu cestu mieru a vz\u00e1jomnej spolupr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

BOR\u0160A, P. Pam\u00e4\u0165 a genoc\u00edda. Praha: Argo, 2011. ISBN 978-80-25703-68-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LUK\u00c1\u010c, J. Pojem genoc\u00eddy v medzin\u00e1rodnom pr\u00e1ve. Praha: Univerzita Karlova v Prahe, Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 fakulta [online]. [cit. 31-05-23]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/dspace.cuni.cz\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11956\/110312\/120275475.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RILEY, E. N. Population in China. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-7456-8863-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SLAWSON, L. The Top 10 Worst Genocides in History. In: Owlcation.com [online]. 05.01.2023 [cit.31.05.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/owlcation.com\/humanities\/The-Top-10-Worst-Genocides-in-History<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160VIHRANOV\u00c1, J. Fenom\u00e9n zla. Ako vznikol pojem genoc\u00edda? In: Hist\u00f3ria 2017 [online]. Bratislava: SAV, 2017, s. 35-39 [cit. 31-05-23]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.sav.sk\/journals\/uploads\/03022355%C5%A0vihrano<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pojem genoc\u00edda sa zaradil do n\u00e1\u0161ho slovn\u00edka v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed a jeho v\u00fdznam n\u00e1s sprev\u00e1dza a\u017e do teraz. P\u00f4vod pojmu vytvoril po\u013esk\u00fd pr\u00e1vnik \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu Raphael Lemkin, ktor\u00fd sa cel\u00fd svoj \u017eivot zaoberal probl\u00e9mami medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va. Za svoju \u00falohu si dal \u0161pecificky definova\u0165 genoc\u00eddu ako samostatn\u00fd zlo\u010din. Z\u00e1kladom slova genoc\u00edda je gr\u00e9cke slovo genos (v […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-632","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eseje"],"yoast_head":"\nPredch\u00e1dzanie genoc\u00eddam - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=632\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Predch\u00e1dzanie genoc\u00eddam - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pojem genoc\u00edda sa zaradil do n\u00e1\u0161ho slovn\u00edka v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed a jeho v\u00fdznam n\u00e1s sprev\u00e1dza a\u017e do teraz. P\u00f4vod pojmu vytvoril po\u013esk\u00fd pr\u00e1vnik \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu Raphael Lemkin, ktor\u00fd sa cel\u00fd svoj \u017eivot zaoberal probl\u00e9mami medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va. Za svoju \u00falohu si dal \u0161pecificky definova\u0165 genoc\u00eddu ako samostatn\u00fd zlo\u010din. 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