{"id":613,"date":"2023-08-31T17:34:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-31T15:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=613"},"modified":"2023-08-31T17:21:13","modified_gmt":"2023-08-31T15:21:13","slug":"interdisciplinarny-pohlad-na-podstatu-povstania-a-jeho-politicke-konsekvencie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=613","title":{"rendered":"Interdisciplin\u00e1rny poh\u013ead na podstatu povstania a jeho politick\u00e9 konsekvencie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pre\u010do povstania?<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e9mu h\u013eadania \u0161ir\u0161ej podstaty pojmu povstanie si nevyber\u00e1me n\u00e1hodne. Pred p\u00e1r d\u0148ami sme na Slovensku oslavovali jeden z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch \u0161t\u00e1tnych sviatkov, pripom\u00ednaj\u00facich si Slovensk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 povstanie, ktor\u00e9 sa za\u010dalo 29. augusta 1944 heslom za\u010dnite s vys\u0165ahovan\u00edm,[1]<\/a> symbolizuj\u00facim za\u010diatok ozbrojen\u00e9ho odporu vo\u010di ideol\u00f3gii nacizmu zosobnen\u00fa v nemeck\u00fdch okupa\u010dn\u00fdch vojsk\u00e1ch. U\u017e v po\u010diatku na\u0161ej interdisciplin\u00e1rnej anal\u00fdzy m\u00f4\u017eeme pozorova\u0165, \u017ee vplyv na samotn\u00fd vznik povstania m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 aj ideologick\u00fd rozkol, nesk\u00f4r pretaven\u00fd do konfliktu dvoch (alebo viacer\u00fdch) znepriatelen\u00fdch str\u00e1n, stojacich na opa\u010dn\u00fdch koncoch ideologick\u00e9ho spektra. Tu by sme mali v\u0161ak z\u00e1konite doch\u00e1dza\u0165 k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee tak\u00fdto ideologick\u00fd rozkol je v prostred\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00facom vznik povstania priam nutnos\u0165ou. V r\u00e1mci psychologick\u00e9ho vn\u00edmania subjektu participuj\u00faceho na akte povstania, \u010di u\u017e na jednej alebo na druhej strane, sa jedn\u00e1 o vz\u0165ah ja verzus ty alebo my verzus oni. U\u017e len z uveden\u00e9ho postavenia vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee ideov\u00fd z\u00e1klad subjektov stojacich na opa\u010dn\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch barik\u00e1dy mus\u00ed by\u0165 protichodn\u00fd alebo aspo\u0148 nezlu\u010dite\u013en\u00fd. To, \u010do sa v\u0161ak \u010dasto opom\u00edna aj pri nahliadan\u00ed na psychol\u00f3giu \u010dloveka, je pre\u017e\u00edvanie \u010dinov spojen\u00fdch s povstaniami a ich automaticky konfliktnou a \u010dastokr\u00e1t ozbrojenou podstatou. Zab\u00fada sa na slovensk\u00e9ho partiz\u00e1na v hor\u00e1ch, ktor\u00fd po cel\u00fd zvy\u0161ok \u017eivota nosil vo svojom srdci poh\u013ead na prestrelen\u00e9 l\u00edca svojho kolegu, s ktor\u00fdm sa u\u017e potom nikdy nestretol.[2]<\/a> Alebo na \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho pocestn\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd pomohol slovensk\u00fdm partiz\u00e1nom v utajen\u00ed bez potrebn\u00fdch dokladov prejs\u0165 cez kontrolu nemeck\u00fdch okupa\u010dn\u00fdch vojsk, no pravdepodobne skonal pri neskor\u0161om vyp\u00e1len\u00ed jednej z obc\u00ed na strednom Slovensku.[3]<\/a> \u010ci na lek\u00e1rov a sestri\u010dky v jednom zo slovensk\u00fdch \u0161pit\u00e1lov, pom\u00e1haj\u00facim partiz\u00e1nom a \u017eidovsk\u00fdm obyvate\u013eom aj za cenu mo\u017enej popravy vojakmi nemeck\u00e9ho Gestapa<\/em>.[4]<\/a> Tieto a \u010fal\u0161ie pr\u00edbehy upadaj\u00fa do zabudnutia \u013eudstva, pri\u010dom pr\u00e1ve \u013eudskos\u0165 je z\u00e1kladnou esenciou ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u013eudsk\u00e9ho \u010dinu, nepochybne aj povstania. \u010ci je povstanie ako produkt \u013eudskosti a jej odvr\u00e1tenej str\u00e1nky s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou starovek\u00e9ho gr\u00e9ckeho princ\u00edpu arch\u00e9<\/em>[<\/a>5<\/a>]<\/a> alebo ide o produkt, ktor\u00fd silou v\u00f4le vieme zastavi\u0165 a prinies\u0165 radik\u00e1lne politick\u00e9 zmeny k \u017eivotu aj inou cestou. Na to sa pozrieme v \u010fal\u0161\u00edch riadkoch n\u00e1\u0161ho pr\u00edspevku. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mytologiz\u00e1cia povstania <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kontext Slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho povstania n\u00e1m okrem popudu k vytvoreniu tohto pr\u00edspevku pom\u00f4\u017ee aj pri h\u013eadan\u00ed odpoved\u00ed na nami predostret\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. V \u00favode svojej knihy Povstanie roku 1944. Bolo n\u00e1rodn\u00e9, sl\u00e1vne, u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9? Peter Bielik<\/em>, b\u00fdval\u00fd predseda Zv\u00e4zu protikomunistick\u00e9ho odboja, publikuj\u00faci pod pseudonymom Peter B. Podolsk\u00fd<\/em>[6]<\/a> a sympatizuj\u00faci s fa\u0161istick\u00fdm Slovensk\u00fdm \u0161t\u00e1tom[7]<\/a> uv\u00e1dza tri poh\u013eady:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Ak bola v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina n\u00e1roda k povstaniu \u013eahostajn\u00e1 a dobrovo\u013ene sa ho z\u00fa\u010dastnilo menej ako 1% obyvate\u013estva, nemohlo by\u0165 n\u00e1rodn\u00e9. <\/li>
  2. Ak vypuknutie povstania viedlo k viacer\u00fdm z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm zlo\u010dinom, nemohlo by\u0165 sl\u00e1vne. <\/li>
  3. Ak povstanie viedlo k rozsiahlym strat\u00e1m na \u013eudsk\u00fdch \u017eivotoch a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sp\u00f4sobilo v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 materi\u00e1lne a mor\u00e1lne \u0161kody, nemohlo by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9.[8]<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Tieto tvrdenia s\u00fa v kontraste s n\u00e1zorom historika Martina Pek\u00e1ra<\/em>, ktor\u00fd je presved\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee  posolstvo Slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho povstania na svojej mor\u00e1lnej sile nestratilo a to najm\u00e4 v\u010faka tomu, \u017ee bolo s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou celoeur\u00f3pskej protinacistickej rezistencie a taktie\u017e sa zakladalo na hodnot\u00e1ch slobody \u010di humanizmu.[9]<\/a> Ak nazrieme na t\u00fato problematiku prizmou pragmatick\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho poh\u013eadu, boli po\u010diny arm\u00e1dy a partiz\u00e1nov v Slovenskom n\u00e1rodnom povstan\u00ed najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie hlavne z h\u013eadiska n\u00e1\u0161ho posunu k v\u00ed\u0165azn\u00fdm mocnostiam druhej svetovej vojny. To v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku znamenalo v\u00fdrazne odli\u0161n\u00e9 postavenie Slovenska v r\u00e1mci povojnov\u00e9ho usporiadania po druhej svetovej vojne, najm\u00e4 v oblasti repar\u00e1ci\u00ed, a to aj napriek udalostiam, ktor\u00e9 drasticky zmenili bud\u00faci \u0161t\u00e1totvorn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj Slovenska\/\u010ceskoslovenska. Vo svojej \u00favodnej argument\u00e1cii Peter Bielik<\/em> alias Peter B. Podolsk\u00fd <\/em>\u010falej uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee po\u010det vojakov arm\u00e1dy participuj\u00facej na povstan\u00ed sa pohyboval niekde okolo 60 000. Povstania sa z\u00fa\u010dastnilo pribli\u017ene 17 000 partizanov, z \u010doho bolo 10 000 Slov\u00e1kov. Povstania sa tak nez\u00fa\u010dastnili ani 3% Slov\u00e1kov, pri\u010dom do boja nezasiahli ani 2% z celkovej popul\u00e1cie. Uveden\u00e9 dop\u013a\u0148a o tvrdenie jedn\u00e9ho z popredn\u00fdch povstaleck\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov Gust\u00e1va Hus\u00e1ka<\/em>. Ten vo svojich pam\u00e4tiach poznamenal, \u017ee existovali cel\u00e9 partiz\u00e1nske oddiely, ktor\u00e9 na nemeck\u00e9 vojsk\u00e1 nevystrelili ani raz.[10]<\/a> Mytologiz\u00e1cia dej\u00edn je v\u0161ak jednou z element\u00e1rnych \u010dast\u00ed budovania n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho povedomia ved\u00facemu k pocitu hrdosti. Rovnako tomu tak je aj v pr\u00edpade povstan\u00ed. Tu sa v\u0161ak nejedn\u00e1 len o n\u00e1stroj zveli\u010denia, av\u0161ak v mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch sl\u00fa\u017ei mytologiz\u00e1cia povstania ako prostriedok ospravedlnenia aktu povstania v s\u00favislosti s jeho bud\u00facimi n\u00e1sledkami, ktor\u00e9 nemusia by\u0165 vidite\u013en\u00e9 in\u0161tantne. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hodnoty a povstanie <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    U\u017e v \u00favode sme nazna\u010dili, \u017ee v s\u00favislosti so vznikom povstania mus\u00ed existova\u0165 aspo\u0148 element\u00e1rny nes\u00falad. Ak subjekt pova\u017euje svoje vn\u00edmanie sveta za nezlu\u010dite\u013en\u00e9 s vn\u00edman\u00edm protivn\u00edka, mus\u00ed z\u00e1konite doch\u00e1dza\u0165 aj k hodnotovej disharm\u00f3nii, ke\u010f\u017ee hodnoty aj napriek ich nejasn\u00e9mu axiologick\u00e9mu \u010di terminologick\u00e9mu zakotveniu s vn\u00edman\u00edm reality jednozna\u010dne s\u00favisia. Ak sa v\u0161ak zameriame na problematiku povstania v kontexte hodn\u00f4t zis\u0165ujeme, \u017ee tieto dva \u010dinitele, jeden re\u00e1lnej materi\u00e1lnej povahy a druh\u00fd sk\u00f4r duchovnej, nere\u00e1lnej, \u010di nehmotnej povahy, spolu s\u00favisia ove\u013ea hlb\u0161ie ako by sa na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead mohlo zda\u0165. Ako pripom\u00edna slovensk\u00fd filozof Vladim\u00edr Bro\u017e\u00edk, <\/em>boli to pr\u00e1ve mechanizmy h\u013eadania hodn\u00f4t, v\u010faka ktor\u00fdm bola Eur\u00f3pa dejiskom to\u013ek\u00fdch ideov\u00fdch, kult\u00farnych, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch, politick\u00fdch aj technologick\u00fdch prevratov.[11]<\/a> Z uveden\u00e9ho tak m\u00f4\u017eeme vyvodi\u0165, \u017ee sa v istom zmysle jednalo o povstanie vo\u010di zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu v jednej zo s\u00fa\u010dast\u00ed celej spolo\u010dnosti a mnohokr\u00e1t aj v r\u00e1mci celospolo\u010densk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu ako tak\u00e9ho. Pri uvedomen\u00ed si vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu ide\u00e1lu a reality, ktor\u00fd produkuje vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148ovanie sa a t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom aj zmenu podstaty a vn\u00edmania oboch pojmov, m\u00f4\u017eeme doch\u00e1dza\u0165 k rozpolupln\u00fdm z\u00e1verom. Hodnoty, na ktor\u00fdch bolo povstanie jedn\u00e9ho z uveden\u00fdch typov postaven\u00e9 sa po\u010das realiz\u00e1cie povstania z\u00e1konite menia prostredn\u00edctvom vy\u0161\u0161ie spomenut\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu. To m\u00f4\u017ee implikova\u0165, \u017ee zadefinovanie podstaty povstania nie je mo\u017en\u00e9, ke\u010f\u017ee sa v\u010faka fluidnej povahe hodnotov\u00fd r\u00e1mec povstania \u010dasto men\u00ed. T\u00fdm p\u00e1dom je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 zadefinova\u0165 presn\u00e9 hranice t\u00fdchto zmien a rovnako tak sa men\u00ed aj samotn\u00e9 hodnotov\u00e9 jadro povstania. Dan\u00fd probl\u00e9m priamo s\u00favis\u00ed s pojmov\u00fdm relativizmom, ktor\u00fd vo svojom pr\u00edspevku Prekon\u00e1vanie relativizmu v s\u00fa\u010dasnej filozofii hist\u00f3rie<\/em> analyzoval filozof Eugen Zele\u0148\u00e1k<\/em>.[12]<\/a> Aj napriek nami spomenut\u00e9mu n\u00e1zvu pr\u00edspevku, snaha o prekonanie relativizmu je v na\u0161om pr\u00edpade nesmierne obtia\u017enou \u00falohou. Sved\u010d\u00ed o tom aj tvrdenie americk\u00e9ho behavioristu Charlesa Morrisa<\/em>, pod\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho hodnoty tvoria celok, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00fa z nich podmie\u0148uj\u00fa viacer\u00e9 dohromady. Zmena aj tej \u00faplne poslednej hodnoty sa potom m\u00f4\u017ee dot\u00fdka\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch.[13]<\/a> Ak teda doch\u00e1dza k tak\u00e9muto pohybu na hodnotovom poli, mus\u00ed sk\u00f4r \u010di nesk\u00f4r d\u00f4js\u0165 ku konfliktu so subjektom, vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00facim nekompatibiln\u00e9 hodnoty v prostred\u00ed povstania. V glob\u00e1lnom meradle ide zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a o konflikt vytv\u00e1raj\u00faci aj obete na \u013eudsk\u00fdch \u017eivotoch, pri\u010dom pr\u00e1ve v na\u0161om \u00favode spom\u00edname, ak\u00e9 stra\u0161n\u00e9 s\u00fa osudy s \u013eudsk\u00fdmi obe\u0165ami na konci. Posledn\u00e9 dve ot\u00e1zky vypl\u00fdvaj\u00face s n\u00e1\u0161ho sk\u00famania si v\u0161ak mus\u00ed zodpoveda\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s. Do akej miery je tak mo\u017en\u00e9 povsta\u0165 vo\u010di syst\u00e9mu, produkuj\u00facemu st\u00e1le viac \u013eudsk\u00e9ho ne\u0161\u0165astia n\u00e1strojom, ktor\u00fd propaguj\u00fa v\u0161etci politici zvolen\u00ed pr\u00e1ve prostredn\u00edctvom tohto n\u00e1stroja, vo\u013ebami. Ke\u010f v\u00e1s v\u00e1\u0161 \u00fasudok doviedol k odpovedi, \u017ee povstanie sa n\u00e1strojom volieb uskuto\u010dni\u0165 ned\u00e1, zost\u00e1va u\u017e len druh\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka a tou je, \u010di zmena nastavenia vytv\u00e1raj\u00faceho ne\u0161\u0165astie, utrpenie a umieranie stoj\u00ed za vykonanie pomocou ne\u0161\u0165astia, utrpenia \u010di umierania.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    Zdroje:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [1] \u00dastav pam\u00e4ti n\u00e1roda: august 1944 \u2013 za\u010diatok Slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho povstania<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/8\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.upn.gov.sk\/sk\/29-august-1944—zaciatok-slovenskeho-narodneho-povstania\/>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [2] TASLER, M.: Kosodrevie. Pr\u00edbehy z povstania<\/em>. Liptovsk\u00fd Mikul\u00e1\u0161: Tranoscius, 2014, s. 11-15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [3] TASLER, M.: Kosodrevie. Pr\u00edbehy z povstania<\/em>. Liptovsk\u00fd Mikul\u00e1\u0161: Tranoscius, 2014, s. 26-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [4] TASLER, M.: Kosodrevie. Pr\u00edbehy z povstania<\/em>. Liptovsk\u00fd Mikul\u00e1\u0161: Tranoscius, 2014, s. 66-70.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [5] ENCYCLOPAEDIA BELIANA: arch\u00e9. [online], [cit. 31\/8\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/beliana.sav.sk\/heslo\/arche>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [6] HRUBO\u0147, A.: \u201eZA SLOVENSK\u00dd \u0160T\u00c1T, ZA NOV\u00da EUR\u00d3PU!\u201c Hlinkova garda v obdob\u00ed nemeckej okup\u00e1cie<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/8\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <http:\/\/forumhistoriae.sk\/sites\/default\/files\/hrubon_za_slovensky_stat.pdf>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [7] \u010cTK: Kandid\u00e1t SNS na \u0161\u00e9fa \u00daPN je vraj z\u00e1stancom Slovensk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/8\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/domov.sme.sk\/c\/2938735\/kandidat-sns-na-sefa-upn-je-vraj-zastancom-slovenskeho-statu.html>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [8] PODOLSK\u00dd, P.: Povstanie roku 1944. Bolo n\u00e1rodn\u00e9, sl\u00e1vne, u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9?<\/em>. Bratislava: Post Scriptum, 2021, s. 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [9] BARTO\u0160OVI\u010cOV\u00c1, M.: Historik Martin Pek\u00e1r: Posolstvo Slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho povstania nestratilo na svojej mor\u00e1lnej sile<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/8\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/vedanadosah.cvtisr.sk\/ludia\/historik-martin-pekar-posolstvo-slovenskeho-narodneho-povstania-nestratilo-na-svojej-moralnej-sile\/>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [10] PODOLSK\u00dd, P.: Povstanie roku 1944. Bolo n\u00e1rodn\u00e9, sl\u00e1vne, u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9?<\/em>. Bratislava: Post Scriptum, 2021, s. 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [11] BRO\u017d\u00cdK, V.: O hodnot\u00e1ch a \u013eu\u010foch<\/em>. Nitra: Univerzita Kon\u0161tant\u00edna Filozofa v Nitre Filozofick\u00e1 fakulta, 2006, s. 115.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [12] ZELE\u0147\u00c1K, E.: PREKON\u00c1VANIE RELATIVIZMU V S\u00da\u010cASNEJ FILOZOFII HIST\u00d3RIE<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/8\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.sav.sk\/journals\/uploads\/01261433filozofia.2021.76.1.2.pdf>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [13] BRO\u017d\u00cdK, V.: O hodnot\u00e1ch a \u013eu\u010foch<\/em>. Nitra: Univerzita Kon\u0161tant\u00edna Filozofa v Nitre Filozofick\u00e1 fakulta, 2006, s. 121.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Pre\u010do povstania?  T\u00e9mu h\u013eadania \u0161ir\u0161ej podstaty pojmu povstanie si nevyber\u00e1me n\u00e1hodne. Pred p\u00e1r d\u0148ami sme na Slovensku oslavovali jeden z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch \u0161t\u00e1tnych sviatkov, pripom\u00ednaj\u00facich si Slovensk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 povstanie, ktor\u00e9 sa za\u010dalo 29. augusta 1944 heslom za\u010dnite s vys\u0165ahovan\u00edm,[1] symbolizuj\u00facim za\u010diatok ozbrojen\u00e9ho odporu vo\u010di ideol\u00f3gii nacizmu zosobnen\u00fa v nemeck\u00fdch okupa\u010dn\u00fdch vojsk\u00e1ch. U\u017e v po\u010diatku na\u0161ej interdisciplin\u00e1rnej […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-613","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"\nInterdisciplin\u00e1rny poh\u013ead na podstatu povstania a jeho politick\u00e9 konsekvencie - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=613\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Interdisciplin\u00e1rny poh\u013ead na podstatu povstania a jeho politick\u00e9 konsekvencie - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pre\u010do povstania?  T\u00e9mu h\u013eadania \u0161ir\u0161ej podstaty pojmu povstanie si nevyber\u00e1me n\u00e1hodne. 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