{"id":595,"date":"2023-08-31T17:31:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-31T15:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=595"},"modified":"2023-08-31T22:55:13","modified_gmt":"2023-08-31T20:55:13","slug":"arkticky-region-ako-priestor-mocenskeho-konfliktu-v-21-storoci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=595","title":{"rendered":"Arktick\u00fd regi\u00f3n ako priestor mocensk\u00e9ho konfliktu v 21. storo\u010d\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Politologick\u00e9 okienko arktickej problematiky<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pre laika len nehostinn\u00e1 oblas\u0165 za severn\u00fdm pol\u00e1rnym kruhom, no pre politol\u00f3ga priestor, v ktorom sa stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa mocensk\u00e9 z\u00e1ujmy jednotliv\u00fdch akt\u00e9rov medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov \u2013 aj tak\u00e1to je Arkt\u00edda. Paradoxne, oba v\u00fdznamy s\u00fa spr\u00e1vne a spolu s nimi pozn\u00e1me e\u0161te nieko\u013eko \u010fal\u0161\u00edch, ktor\u00e9 by sa dali aplikova\u0165 pri opise regi\u00f3nu. Presn\u00e9 vymedzenie pojmu \u201eArkt\u00edda\u201c nebolo doteraz klasifikovan\u00e9, preto\u017ee \u017eiadna z internacion\u00e1lnych defin\u00edci\u00ed nie je pr\u00e1vne z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00e1 a jednozna\u010dne akceptovan\u00e1. R\u00f4znorodos\u0165 v\u00fdkladov sa l\u00ed\u0161i v z\u00e1vislosti od mno\u017estva perspekt\u00edv a predsudkov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa charakter geografick\u00fdch, vedeck\u00fdch, politick\u00fdch, kult\u00farnych a environment\u00e1lnych. [1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je to pr\u00e1ve glob\u00e1lne otep\u013eovanie, ktor\u00e9 v posledn\u00fdch rokoch sp\u00f4sobilo, \u017ee z\u00e1ujem o Arkt\u00eddu neust\u00e1le rastie. Ani nie storo\u010die dozadu bol tento k\u00fat Zeme zamrznut\u00fd nielen klimaticky, ale aj politicky. Okrem pol\u00e1rnych exped\u00edci\u00ed a men\u0161\u00edch vedeck\u00fdch v\u00fdskumov nehral v medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch takmer \u017eiadnu \u00falohu. Svetov\u00fa pozornos\u0165 si vysl\u00fa\u017eil a\u017e po\u010das studenej vojny, kedy boli zisten\u00e9 prelomov\u00e9 objavy, \u017ee oblas\u0165 ukr\u00fdva ohromn\u00e9 zdroje nerastn\u00fdch surov\u00edn, preva\u017ene ropu a zemn\u00fd plyn. Od t\u00fdchto \u010dias za\u010dala \u013eudsk\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 je preva\u017ene ekonomick\u00e9ho z\u00e1meru, v regi\u00f3ne narasta\u0165 a sp\u00f4sobila, \u017ee sa krehkos\u0165 arktick\u00e9ho prostredia za\u010dala nar\u00fa\u0161a\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkt\u00edda v kontexte klimatick\u00fdch zmien<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hoci je Arkt\u00edda jedn\u00fdm z najchladnej\u0161\u00edm miest, v letn\u00fdch a zimn\u00fdch mesiacoch bojuje s extr\u00e9mnymi teplotn\u00fdmi rozdielmi. Po kr\u00e1tkych let\u00e1ch, na niektor\u00fdch miestach s teplotami a\u017e +26 \u00b0C, nasleduj\u00fa dlh\u00e9 mesiace zimy, kedy teplota kles\u00e1 pod \u201345 \u00b0C. [2]<\/a> Pre \u00fazemie bol najteplej\u0161\u00ed rok 2016, kedy vedeck\u00e1 vl\u00e1dna agent\u00fara Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, N\u00e1rodn\u00fd \u00farad pre oce\u00e1ny a ovzdu\u0161ie (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, skr. NOAA), vykonala v porad\u00ed u\u017e svoju 137-ro\u010dn\u00fa s\u00e9riu meran\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee celosvetovo bola priemern\u00e1 teplota na povrchu pevniny a oce\u00e1nu o necel\u00fd 1 \u00b0C vy\u0161\u0161ia ako v minulom storo\u010d\u00ed. Udalosti predch\u00e1dzal prelom rokov 2015\/2016, kedy na Zemi prevl\u00e1dala klimatick\u00e1 odch\u00fdlka pod n\u00e1zvom El Ni\u00f1o. Tento jav sp\u00f4sobuje otep\u013eovanie povrchov\u00fdch v\u00f4d a vyskytuje sa v priemere ka\u017ed\u00e9 dva a\u017e sedem rokov. V Arkt\u00edde sa vtedy teplota vzduchu zv\u00fd\u0161ila dvojn\u00e1sobne, \u010do potvrdilo, \u017ee sa regi\u00f3n otep\u013euje dvakr\u00e1t r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako zbytok sveta. [3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u0161te viac s\u00fa v\u0161ak alarmuj\u00face zistenia z roku 2021. Arktick\u00fd monitorovac\u00ed a hodnotiaci program (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, skr. AMAP) zverejnil spr\u00e1vu uv\u00e1dzaj\u00facu u\u017e trojn\u00e1sobn\u00fa r\u00fdchlos\u0165 otep\u013eovania. Pod\u013ea v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov z tejto organiz\u00e1cie do\u0161lo k zlomu v roku 2004, kedy teplota arktick\u00e9ho \u00fazemia prudko vzr\u00e1stla o 0,6 \u00b0C. D\u00f4vod je doteraz nezn\u00e1my. Ro\u010dn\u00e9 otep\u013eovanie odvtedy pokra\u010duje r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou o 30% vy\u0161\u0161ou ako v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich desa\u0165ro\u010diach. [4]<\/a> Celkovo ukon\u010dila klimatick\u00e1 zmena za severn\u00fdm pol\u00e1rnym kruhom pribli\u017ene dvetis\u00edcro\u010dn\u00e9 obdobie st\u00e1leho ochladzovania. Teploty vzduchu odvtedy prekro\u010dili v\u0161etky predch\u00e1dzaj\u00face z\u00e1znamy od roku 1900.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Graf ukazuj\u00faci priemern\u00e9 teploty vzduchu od roku 1900<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Zdroj: https:\/\/www.noaa.gov\/news-release\/arctic-report-card-climate-change-transforming-arctic-into-dramatically-different-state<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medzivl\u00e1dny panel pre zmenu kl\u00edmy OSN (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, skr. IPCC) vo svojej \u0161iestej hodnotiacej spr\u00e1ve z roku 2021 uviedol, \u017ee za posledn\u00fdch \u0161tyridsa\u0165 rokov je hlavnou pr\u00ed\u010dinou otep\u013eovania v Arkt\u00edde pr\u00e1ve vplyv \u013eudstva a \u0165a\u017eba nerastn\u00fdch surov\u00edn. [5]<\/a> S uveden\u00fdm faktorom sa sp\u00e1ja aj \u00fabytok \u013eadovej pokr\u00fdvky a zvy\u0161ovanie hlad\u00edn mor\u00ed. Len v posledn\u00fdch dvoch desa\u0165ro\u010diach stratila Arkt\u00edda pribli\u017ene tretinu objemu zimn\u00e9ho morsk\u00e9ho \u013eadu. Pre n\u00edzko polo\u017een\u00e9 krajiny a pobre\u017en\u00e9 komunity to znamen\u00e1 existen\u010dn\u00fa hrozbu a n\u00faten\u00e9 odkl\u00e1\u0148anie sa od tradi\u010dn\u00e9ho sp\u00f4sobu \u017eivota. Najlep\u0161\u00edm mo\u017en\u00fdm rie\u0161en\u00edm sa jav\u00ed zn\u00ed\u017eenie emisi\u00ed met\u00e1nu a oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho, ktor\u00e9 sa v oblasti uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pri \u0165a\u017ebe ropy a zemn\u00e9ho plynu. Ak by sa do roku 2050 podarilo dosiahnu\u0165 uhl\u00edkov\u00fa neutralitu v kombin\u00e1cii s okam\u017eit\u00fdm zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm emisi\u00ed met\u00e1nu, pravdepodobnos\u0165 zachovania arktick\u00e9ho morsk\u00e9ho \u013eadu bude takmer o 80% vy\u0161\u0161ia. [6]<\/a> To by v\u0161ak z\u00e1rove\u0148 muselo znamena\u0165 minimalizovanie \u0165a\u017eby, \u010do sa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti ukazuje ako nerealizovate\u013en\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Strategick\u00fd v\u00fdznam regi\u00f3nu<\/strong><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1sledkom klimatickej zmeny je pr\u00edstup do Arkt\u00eddy ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokom \u013eah\u0161\u00ed a spolu s n\u00edm aj dostupnos\u0165 pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch zdrojov. Z t\u00fdch je regi\u00f3n bohat\u00fd na diamanty, zlato, striebro, fosfor a mnoh\u00e9 in\u00e9. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je spomen\u00fa\u0165 aj vz\u00e1cne zeminy, ako s\u00fa neod\u00fdm, prazeod\u00fdm, terbium a dyspr\u00f3zium, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010d k celosvetov\u00fdm revol\u00faci\u00e1m elektrick\u00fdch vozidiel a obnovite\u013en\u00fdch zdrojov energie. Okrem in\u00e9ho toti\u017e podporuj\u00fa technol\u00f3giu v\u00fdroby bat\u00e9ri\u00ed a vetern\u00e9 turb\u00edny. Ako \u010fal\u0161ie v Arkt\u00edde mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 nikel, kobalt a platinu, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa taktie\u017e nevyhnutn\u00e9 pre v\u00fdrobu \u00e1ut. Pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 s\u00fa aj stavebn\u00e9 komponenty ako piesok, \u0161trk a drvina. Viacer\u00fdm zo spomenut\u00fdch hroz\u00ed v bud\u00facnosti nedostatok, preto sa oblas\u0165 \u010doraz viac za\u010d\u00edna ukazova\u0165 ako potencion\u00e1lna energetick\u00e1 provincia. Najviac sa v\u0161ak \u00fazemie presl\u00e1vilo potencion\u00e1lnymi, zatia\u013e e\u0161te neobjaven\u00fdmi, obrovsk\u00fdmi lo\u017eiskami zemn\u00e9ho plynu a ropy, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu predstavova\u0165 svetov\u00e9 z\u00e1soby. [7]<\/a> Na n\u00e1jdenie uh\u013eovod\u00edkov u\u017e boli presk\u00faman\u00e9 pobre\u017en\u00e9 \u010dasti Kanady, Ruska a Alja\u0161ky. V\u00fdsledkom bolo objavenie viac ako \u0161tyristo ropn\u00fdch a plynov\u00fdch pol\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa za severn\u00fdm pol\u00e1rnym kruhom. Mo\u017eno ich n\u00e1js\u0165 ako na pevnine, tak i mimo nej. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u00fazem\u00ed je v\u0161ak e\u0161te st\u00e1le nepr\u00edstupn\u00e1 a ich prieskum je riskantn\u00fd a finan\u010dne n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd. Spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa o \u0165a\u017ebu z\u00e1ujem, musia ma\u0165 \u0161peci\u00e1lne navrhnut\u00e9 ropn\u00e9 zariadenia schopn\u00e9 odola\u0165 m\u00ednusov\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m – najm\u00e4 v kontexte prekon\u00e1vania ve\u013ek\u00fdch vzdialenost\u00ed a nestabilite povrchu. Spolu s nimi je potrebn\u00e9 disponova\u0165 s ove\u013ea v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou \u0161k\u00e1lou n\u00e1radia v pr\u00edpade poruchy ako napr\u00edklad u t\u00fdch, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na Bl\u00edzkom v\u00fdchode. Aj preto je cena ropy v arktickom regi\u00f3ne nieko\u013ekon\u00e1sobne vy\u0161\u0161ia. [8]<\/a> Probl\u00e9m ale m\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165, ak cena klesne. V takomto pr\u00edpade vysok\u00e9 n\u00e1klady, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 s \u0165a\u017ebou, prev\u00fd\u0161ia samotn\u00fa hodnotu komodity. Spolo\u010dnostiam sa neoplat\u00ed, aby ich v\u00fddavky prevy\u0161ovali zisk, preto svoje projekty rad\u0161ej pozastavia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010eal\u0161ou strategickou v\u00fdhodou pre Arkt\u00eddu je odkr\u00fdvanie nov\u00fdch lodn\u00fdch tr\u00e1s v Severnom \u013eadovom oce\u00e1ne. Redukciou \u013eadovej pokr\u00fdvky narast\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd z\u00e1ujem o jej vyu\u017eitie na medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fa plavbu. U\u017e teraz je mo\u017en\u00e9 predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee v bud\u00facnosti p\u00f4jde o ve\u013emi frekventovan\u00e9 trasy. Prv\u00e1, Severov\u00fdchodn\u00e1 morsk\u00e1 cesta (Northeast Passage, skr. NEP), sp\u00e1ja Eur\u00f3pu a \u00c1ziu a hrani\u010d\u00ed so severn\u00fdm pobre\u017e\u00edm N\u00f3rska a Ruska. Druh\u00e1, Severoz\u00e1padn\u00e1 cesta (Northwest Passage, skr. NWP), zase sp\u00e1ja Tich\u00fd a Atlantick\u00fd oce\u00e1n pozd\u013a\u017e pobre\u017eia Kanady. [9]<\/a> Ich prejazd z\u00e1vis\u00ed od klimatick\u00fdch faktorov a v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je mo\u017en\u00fd len v letn\u00fdch mesiacoch. Celoro\u010dn\u00e1 splavnos\u0165 sa o\u010dak\u00e1va a\u017e okolo roku 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mapa severn\u00fdch n\u00e1morn\u00fdch tr\u00e1s<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Zdroj: https:\/\/www.economist.com\/the-economist-explains\/2018\/09\/24\/what-is-the-northern-sea-route <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vyu\u017e\u00edvanie Severnej pol\u00e1rnej cesty poskytuje mnoho v\u00fdhod. S\u00fa zn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na prepravu, \u0161etr\u00ed sa palivo, a predov\u0161etk\u00fdm je krat\u0161ia vzdialenos\u0165. V porovnan\u00ed s tradi\u010dnou trasou skrz Suezsk\u00fd prieplav je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u010das\u0165 cesty v arktick\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch skr\u00e1ti\u0165 a ur\u00fdchli\u0165 a\u017e o 40% (cesta medzi Eur\u00f3pou a v\u00fdchodnou \u00c1ziou cez Suezsk\u00fd prieplav je dlh\u00e1 21 000 km, cez Severn\u00fa pol\u00e1rnu cestu je to len 13 000 km). Priechod trv\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 25 dn\u00ed a spotrebuje sa okolo 600 ton paliva, zatia\u013e \u010do v pr\u00edpade Suezsk\u00e9ho prieplavu je to o 10 dn\u00ed dlh\u0161ie a o 300 ton paliva viac. Navy\u0161e, za vyu\u017eitie Prieplavu je potrebn\u00e9 uhradi\u0165 poplatok vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 250-tis\u00edc americk\u00fdch dol\u00e1rov. [10]<\/a> Kv\u00f4li nepredv\u00eddate\u013enosti \u013eadov\u00fdch podmienok a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch vzdialenost\u00ed pr\u00edstavov je v\u0161ak plavba \u010ealek\u00fdm severom v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti e\u0161te st\u00e1le pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za nebezpe\u010dn\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia v medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Niet poch\u00fdb, \u017ee arktick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l je naozaj vysok\u00fd. Jednotliv\u00e9 mocnosti medzi sebou s\u00faperia o prvenstvo v tejto oblasti, pri\u010dom z\u00e1ujem je prim\u00e1rne ekonomick\u00e9ho charakteru. Vzh\u013eadom k s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9mu v\u00fdvinu medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov je arktick\u00e1 politika najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ia v pr\u00edpade troch svetov\u00fdch ve\u013emoc\u00ed \u2013 Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov americk\u00fdch, \u010c\u00ednskej \u013eudovej republiky a Ruskej feder\u00e1cie. Zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch troch spomenut\u00fdch sa v regi\u00f3ne najviac anga\u017euje Rusk\u00e1 feder\u00e1cia, pre ktor\u00fa je Arkt\u00edda v zahrani\u010dnej politike prioritou. Anexia polostrova Krym v roku 2014 a bezd\u00f4vodn\u00e9 napadnutie Ukrajiny vo febru\u00e1ri 2022 v\u0161ak podkopalo vn\u00edmanie Moskvy ako racin\u00e1lneho partnera na medzin\u00e1rodnej sc\u00e9ne. Jedn\u00fdm z m\u00e1la \u0161t\u00e1tov, s ktor\u00fdm Kreme\u013e ochotne spolupracuje, je \u010c\u00edna. Moment\u00e1lne m\u00f4\u017eeme skon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee vz\u0165ahy t\u00fdchto dvoch ve\u013emoc\u00ed vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa flexibiln\u00e9 a strategick\u00e9 partnerstvo. Sankcie uvalen\u00e9 zo strany USA a E\u00da na Rusko v roku 2014 a po febru\u00e1ri 2022, zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa prieskum ropy a zemn\u00e9ho plynu v Arkt\u00edde. \u0164a\u017eba t\u00fdchto dvoch komponentov predstavuje viac ako 50% pr\u00edjmov rusk\u00e9ho feder\u00e1lneho rozpo\u010dtu. [11]<\/a> Ke\u010f\u017ee Ruskej feder\u00e1cii ch\u00fdba technologick\u00fd rozvoj na nez\u00e1visl\u00fd v\u00fdskum lo\u017e\u00edsk, \u010c\u00edna, ktor\u00e1 taktie\u017e prejavila z\u00e1ujem o nerastn\u00e9 suroviny, sa predstavila ako ide\u00e1lny partner. Jej financovanie bolo k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre hospod\u00e1rsky rozvoj ruskej Arkt\u00eddy. Niektor\u00e9 dot\u00e1cie tvorili a\u017e 60% finan\u010dn\u00fdch prostriedkov. Na opl\u00e1tku sa Rusko zaviazalo, \u017ee 80% zariaden\u00ed bude vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 v \u010d\u00ednskych lodeniciach. [12]<\/a> Okrem toho, ve\u013emoci spolupracuj\u00fa aj v technologickej, v\u00fdskumnej a vojenskej sf\u00e9re. USA ako z\u00e1padn\u00e1 krajina s\u00fa nateraz z konfront\u00e1ci\u00ed vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00e9. V porovnan\u00ed s \u010c\u00ednou a Ruskom je ich asertivita vo vz\u0165ahu k regi\u00f3nu najmen\u0161ia. Dalo by sa to od\u00f4vodni\u0165 t\u00fdm, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty zameriavaj\u00fa svoju pozornos\u0165 na in\u00e9 oblasti v r\u00e1mci zahrani\u010dnej politiky, zatia\u013e \u010do pre Rusko je Arkt\u00edda v mocenskej politike prioritou. Na druhej strane, USA svoju poz\u00edciu vn\u00edmaj\u00fa ve\u013emi akt\u00edvne a ich \u00fasil\u00edm je sk\u00f4r reagova\u0165 na rusk\u00fa militariz\u00e1ciu regi\u00f3nu n\u00e1strojmi, ktor\u00e9 by nap\u00e4tie pomohli zmierni\u0165, nie posilni\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neust\u00e1la podpora Ruskej feder\u00e1cie m\u00e1 pre \u010c\u00ednu ve\u013ek\u00fd strategick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. \u0160t\u00e1tu sa naskytuje jedine\u010dn\u00e1 pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165 zvy\u0161ova\u0165 svoju mocensk\u00fa dominanciu v regi\u00f3ne. Ot\u00e1zkou v\u0161ak ost\u00e1va, ako dlho t\u00e1to intenz\u00edvna spolupr\u00e1ca medzi oboma akt\u00e9rmi vydr\u017e\u00ed. Vz\u0165ah \u010c\u013dR k Arkt\u00edde v n\u00e1s sk\u00f4r vzbudzuje len dojem strategickej hry, pri\u010dom Peking sleduje predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vlastn\u00e9 z\u00e1ujmy. V s\u00favislosti s aktu\u00e1lnymi udalos\u0165ami musia oba \u0161t\u00e1ty v medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch procesoch postupova\u0165 opatrne. V s\u00fa\u010dasnej dobe dynamick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja je v\u0161ak \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 predpoveda\u0165, ak\u00fdm politick\u00fdm smerom sa bude \u00fazemie ubera\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] PADRTOV\u00c1, B.; TR\u00c1VN\u00cd\u010cKOV\u00c1, Z. Region Arktidy: aspekty politicko- bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed, ekonomick\u00e9 a v\u011bdecko-v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 [online]. Apr\u00edl 2017. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.dokumenty-iir.cz\/DiscussionPapers\/DP_Padrtova_Travnickova_Arktida.pdf>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] MARSHALL, T. V zajat\u00ed geografie. Bratislava: Premedia, 2015, s. 226. ISBN 978-80-8159-513-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. Arctic Report Card: Climate change transforming Arctic into \u2018dramatically different state\u2019 [online]. 14 December 2021. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.noaa.gov\/news-release\/arctic-report-card-climate-change-transforming-arctic-into-dramatically-different-state>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] DESHAYES, P. H. Arctic warming three times faster than the planet, report warns [online]. 20 M\u00e1j 2021. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2021-05-arctic-faster-planet.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report [online]. 2021. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg2\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND. The fastest way to save melting sea ice: EDF study [online]. 14 Marec 2022. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.edf.org\/article\/fastest-way-save-melting-sea-ice-edf-study>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] ROWE, M. Arctic nations are squaring up to exploit the region\u2019s rich natural resources [online]. 12 August 2022. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/geographical.co.uk\/geopolitics\/the-world-is-gearing-up-to-mine-the-arctic>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] HOAG, H. Arctic Development Stalls with Tumbling Oil Prices [online]. 22 Janu\u00e1r 2016. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org\/arctic\/articles\/2016\/01\/22\/arctic-development-stalls-with-tumbling-oil-prices>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] I\u0160TOK, R. Folia Geographica 19. Pre\u0161ov: Vydavate\u013estvo Pre\u0161ovskej univerzity, 2012, s. 94. ISSN 1336-6149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] SAFETY 4 SEA. Do you know what the Northern Sea Route is? [online]. 24 Marec 2022. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/safety4sea.com\/cm-do-you-know-what-northern-sea-route-is\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] ARCTIC COUNCIL. The Russian Federation [online]. 2021. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/arctic-council.org\/about\/states\/russian-federation\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12] CLINGENDAEL. Presence before power: why China became a near-Arctic state [online]. J\u00fan 2020. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2020\/presence-before-power\/2-presence-before-power-why-china-became-a-near-arctic-state\/>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Politologick\u00e9 okienko arktickej problematiky Pre laika len nehostinn\u00e1 oblas\u0165 za severn\u00fdm pol\u00e1rnym kruhom, no pre politol\u00f3ga priestor, v ktorom sa stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa mocensk\u00e9 z\u00e1ujmy jednotliv\u00fdch akt\u00e9rov medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov \u2013 aj tak\u00e1to je Arkt\u00edda. Paradoxne, oba v\u00fdznamy s\u00fa spr\u00e1vne a spolu s nimi pozn\u00e1me e\u0161te nieko\u013eko \u010fal\u0161\u00edch, ktor\u00e9 by sa dali aplikova\u0165 pri opise regi\u00f3nu. 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