{"id":576,"date":"2023-07-31T21:42:00","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T19:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=576"},"modified":"2023-07-31T22:09:36","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T20:09:36","slug":"moznosti-novych-foriem-demokracie-vo-francuzskom-kontexte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=576","title":{"rendered":"Mo\u017enosti nov\u00fdch foriem demokracie vo franc\u00fazskom kontexte"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Posledn\u00e9 obdobie v jednej z najsilnej\u0161\u00edch \u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie a b\u00fdvalej koloni\u00e1lnej a vojenskej ve\u013emoci Franc\u00fazsku je charakterizovan\u00e9 neust\u00e1le v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edmi a n\u00e1silnej\u0161\u00edmi protestami. Spomen\u00fa\u0165 m\u00f4\u017eeme u\u017e Hnutie \u017elt\u00fdch viest<\/em> z roku 2018 bojuj\u00face za v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu soci\u00e1lnu spravodlivos\u0165 v spolo\u010dnosti, kde \u0165archa cien pohonn\u00fdch hm\u00f4t dopadala nie len na \u010dlenov ni\u017e\u0161ej vrstvy ale rovnako na stredn\u00fa vrstvu, ktor\u00e1 sa kvalitou \u017eivota \u010doraz viac vz\u010fa\u013eovala h\u0155stke bohat\u00fdch \u010dlenov vy\u0161\u0161ej vrstvy.[1]<\/a> Aj napriek tomu, \u017ee tento trend je element\u00e1rnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou kapitalistick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu u\u017e nejak\u00e9 obdobie, o \u010dom sved\u010dia napr\u00edklad \u0161tatistiky o neust\u00e1le zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161uj\u00facej sa majetkovej nerovnosti medzi svetovou popul\u00e1ciou,[2]<\/a> sp\u00f4sobili spom\u00ednan\u00e9 udalosti protesty s neporovnate\u013ene v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou mierou intenzity oproti in\u00fdm \u0161t\u00e1tom z\u00e1padnej civiliz\u00e1cie. Na tieto udalosti nadviazali protesty z tohto roka, ktor\u00fdch spustenie sp\u00f4sobila d\u00f4chodkov\u00e1 reforma pod veden\u00edm prezidenta Emmanuela Macrona<\/em>, ktor\u00e1 zvy\u0161ovala vek odchodu do d\u00f4chodku zo 62 na 64 rokov.[3]<\/a> \u010eal\u0161ie umocnenie protestov a ich eskal\u00e1ciu vyvolalo usmrtenie Nahela Merzouka<\/em>, podtrhnut\u00e9 rasov\u00fdm mot\u00edvom, zd\u00f4raznen\u00fdm potrestuj\u00facimi, poukazuj\u00facimi na syst\u00e9mov\u00fd rasizmus najm\u00e4 v prostred\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch zlo\u017eiek.[4]<\/a> Ak prejdeme do glob\u00e1lneho kontextu, m\u00f4\u017eeme pozorova\u0165, \u017ee hnev protestuj\u00facich priamo koreluje s n\u00e1rastom extr\u00e9mnej pravice v\u0161ade vo svete. Ako p\u00ed\u0161e v \u00favode knihy Martin Milan \u0160ime\u010dka<\/em> o jej autorke, histori\u010dke a novin\u00e1rke Anne Applebaum<\/em>, postupne sa z jej kruhu priate\u013eov vytr\u00e1calo \u010doraz viac \u013eud\u00ed. D\u00f4vodom bola najm\u00e4 strata presved\u010denia o tom, \u017ee liber\u00e1lna demokracia je t\u00fdm najlep\u0161\u00edm spolo\u010densk\u00fdm zriaden\u00edm v dejin\u00e1ch \u013eudstva a presun \u010dlenov \u00fazkeho kruhu autorky k poz\u00edciam revolu\u010dnej vlny konzervativizmu.[5]<\/a> E\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm tragick\u00fdm zisten\u00edm ako to, \u017ee \u010dlovek v r\u00e1mci plynutia \u017eivota strat\u00ed svojich bl\u00edzkych na z\u00e1klade politick\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru je uvedomenie si, ak\u00fdm nevedom\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom sa k podobn\u00fdm situ\u00e1ci\u00e1m stavaj\u00fa zast\u00e1ncovania statusu quo. Ako keby bola b\u00fdval\u00fdm priate\u013eom Anny Applebaum<\/em> alebo rozh\u00e1dan\u00fdm \u010dlenom rodiny, situ\u00e1cia, do ktorej sa dostali, pr\u00edjemnou. Vo\u010di em\u00f3ci\u00e1m nem\u00e1 \u0161ancu nikto, tak to tvrd\u00ed politick\u00fd market\u00e9r Marek Prchal<\/em>.[6]<\/a> \u013dudia si v obchodnom centre myslia, \u017ee ich vo\u013eba n\u00e1kupu je \u00faplne slobodnou aj v pr\u00edpade n\u00e1kupu produktu, na ktor\u00fd pri ceste do dan\u00e9ho obchodu ani nepomysleli, av\u0161ak p\u00f4soben\u00edm psychologick\u00e9ho efektu cenoviek v obchode predsa len po produkte siahli.[7]<\/a> Rovnako sa spr\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed od niekdaj\u0161ej obhajoby demokracie upustili a to aj napriek svojmu vysok\u00e9mu intelektu \u010di vzdelaniu. Nejedn\u00e1 sa toti\u017e o slobodn\u00fa vo\u013ebu, jej po\u010diatok sa nach\u00e1dza sk\u00f4r v nemo\u017enosti  zlep\u0161enia kvality svojho \u017eivota. T\u00e1 produkuje n\u00e1sledn\u00fd hnev na demokratick\u00e9 zriadenie, a presun k preva\u017ene konzervat\u00edvnym sil\u00e1m, opl\u00fdvaj\u00facim neofa\u0161istick\u00fdmi prvkami a predstavuj\u00facim jedin\u00fa mo\u017en\u00fa alternat\u00edvu. D\u00f4kazom s\u00fa posledn\u00e9 vo\u013eby v Taliansku[8]<\/a> alebo vo \u0160v\u00e9dsku,[9]<\/a> kde najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm v\u00ed\u0165azom v celkovom meradle alebo v pr\u00edpade n\u00e1rastu preferenci\u00ed boli strany z krajne pravicov\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho spektra. A pr\u00e1ve tu sa dost\u00e1vame nasp\u00e4\u0165 do kontextu Franc\u00fazska. Krajn\u00e1 pravica ako jedin\u00e1 alternat\u00edva nespokojn\u00e9ho ob\u010dana sa dostala do svojho postavenia najm\u00e4 v\u010faka samotnej podstate celospolo\u010densk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Ten vytv\u00e1ra ekonomick\u00e9 podmienky, ktor\u00e9 neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa \u013eavicov\u00fdm alternat\u00edvam z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148ova\u0165 sa politick\u00e9ho s\u00faboja o voli\u010da, ke\u010f\u017ee n\u00e1stroje t\u00fdchto subjektov s\u00fa v\u010faka spom\u00ednanej povahe syst\u00e9mu neefekt\u00edvne a len spoma\u013euj\u00fa preva\u017euj\u00face trendy. Ide napr\u00edklad o neust\u00e1le zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ovanie sa nerovnosti, uveden\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm propag\u00e1torom my\u0161lienky \u0161iestej republiky vo Franc\u00fazsku je Jean-Luc M\u00e9lenchon<\/em>, \u010deln\u00fd predstavite\u013e \u013eavicovej koal\u00edcie Nov\u00e1 ekologick\u00e1 a soci\u00e1lna \u013eudov\u00e1 \u00fania<\/em>, ktor\u00e1 sa v posledn\u00fdch parlamentn\u00fdch vo\u013eb\u00e1ch umiestnila na druhom mieste, \u010d\u00edm nie len \u017ee predbehla Le Penovej<\/em> krajne pravicov\u00fa stranu N\u00e1rodn\u00e9 zhroma\u017edenie ale postarala sa v najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161om mer\u00edtku o stratu v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny Macronovej<\/em> centristickej aliancie.[10]<\/a> Ako by v\u0161ak podobn\u00e1 transform\u00e1cia Franc\u00fazskej republiky vyzerala a \u010do by znamenala v kontexte bud\u00faceho v\u00fdvoja demokracie?  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako sme sa sem dostali a kam smerujeme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V pr\u00edpade mo\u017enej transform\u00e1cie Franc\u00fazskej republiky je potrebn\u00e9 za\u010da\u0165 jej historick\u00fdm v\u00fdvojom. Nie len pre klasick\u00e9 kli\u0161\u00e9, nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa vo v\u00fdroku \u0161panielskeho filozofa Georga Santayanu<\/em> o tom, \u017ee \u201et\u00ed, ktor\u00ed si nepam\u00e4taj\u00fa minulos\u0165, s\u00fa ods\u00faden\u00ed na to, aby si ju zopakovali,\u201c<\/em>[11]<\/a> ale najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li anal\u00fdze hist\u00f3rie demokratick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja, ktor\u00e1 prispeje k pochopeniu s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho obrazu demokracie. Od roku 1789 vzniklo p\u00e4\u0165 franc\u00fazskych republ\u00edk, ktor\u00e9 mali 14 \u00fastav.[12]<\/a> Obdobie demokratick\u00e9ho zriadenia bolo v\u0161ak vo Franc\u00fazsku viackr\u00e1t naru\u0161en\u00e9. Po nastolen\u00ed prvej republiky v roku 1792, teda kr\u00e1tko po Ve\u013ekej franc\u00fazskej revol\u00facii,[13]<\/a> sa k moci dostal Napoleon Bonaparte<\/em>, ktor\u00fd sa prehl\u00e1sil c\u00edsarom, \u010d\u00edm zapo\u010dal epochu Prvej franc\u00fazskej r\u00ed\u0161e. T\u00e1 existovala a\u017e do Napoleonovej<\/em> por\u00e1\u017eky pri Waterloo v roku 1815.[14]<\/a> Po Napoleonovom<\/em> p\u00e1de v\u0161ak nedo\u0161lo vo Franc\u00fazsku k obnove demokratick\u00e9ho zriadenia, pr\u00e1ve naopak, k moci sa dostal kr\u00e1\u013e \u013dudov\u00edt XVIII<\/em>.[15]<\/a> Monarchia existovala a\u017e do revol\u00facie v roku 1848,[16]<\/a> ktor\u00e1 vy\u00fastila do vytvorenia Druhej republiky.[17]<\/a> Jej trvanie nebolo pridlh\u00e9, ke\u010f\u017ee u\u017e v roku 1852 vznik\u00e1 Druh\u00e1 franc\u00fazska r\u00ed\u0161a, pod veden\u00edm Napoleona III<\/em>.[18]<\/a> Naopak t\u00e1 existovala a\u017e 18 rokov, do roku 1870, kedy ju na kr\u00e1tke obdobie nahradila Par\u00ed\u017eska kom\u00fana.[19]<\/a> Po nej do\u0161lo k ustanoveniu Tretej franc\u00fazskej republiky, ktorej existenciu ukon\u010dila a\u017e druh\u00e1 svetov\u00e1 vojna.[20]<\/a> Pre\u010do je tento v\u00fdvoj vlastne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm v kontexte n\u00e1\u0161ho v\u00fdskumu? Poukazuje na skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee aj tak rozvinut\u00e1 demokracia, akou Franc\u00fazsko v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je, napr\u00edklad pod\u013ea Democracy indexu <\/em>od The Economist Intelligence<\/em>,[21]<\/a> ktor\u00fd hodnot\u00ed mieru demokracie v jednotliv\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch, bol demokratick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj preru\u0161en\u00fd n\u00e1stupom tvrdej autokracie a\u017e totality. Je teda mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my postkomunistick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, ktor\u00e9 trpia nefunk\u010dnos\u0165ou demokracie vo viacer\u00fdch oh\u013eadoch, s\u00fa prirodzenou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou v\u00fdvoja demokracie. Tomuto tvrdeniu v\u0161ak odporuj\u00fa pr\u00edklady Japonska \u010di Ju\u017enej K\u00f3rei, ktor\u00e9 sa v spom\u00ednanom Democracy indexe<\/em> u\u017e dlhodobo umiest\u0148uj\u00fa na popredn\u00fdch prie\u010dkach, pri\u010dom s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 zriadenie bolo v prostred\u00ed t\u00fdchto \u0161t\u00e1tov vytvoren\u00e9 a\u017e po konci druhej svetovej vojny. Je v\u0161ak ot\u00e1zne, nako\u013eko demokratick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj ovplyv\u0148uje kult\u00farne nastavenie jednotliv\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov. E\u0161te d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm je v\u0161ak vn\u00edmanie demokracie medzi ob\u010danmi. Ako pre Guardian<\/em> uviedla \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed\u010dka tohtoro\u010dn\u00fdch protestov vo Franc\u00fazsku Flavia Dauesea-Dautel<\/em>, aj napriek tomu, \u017ee \u017eije v demokracii, nie je to pod\u013ea jej pocitov demokracia.[22]<\/a> Jedna z po\u017eiadaviek protestuj\u00facich je pr\u00e1ve v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia moc \u013eudu, ke\u010f\u017ee napr\u00edklad v pr\u00edpade d\u00f4chodkovej reformy z\u00e1kon pre\u0161iel legislat\u00edvnym procesom a to aj napriek nepokojom, ktor\u00e9 vyvolal.[23]<\/a> M\u00e9lenchonova<\/em> my\u0161lienka prechodu k \u0160iestej franc\u00fazskej republike zah\u0155\u0148a pr\u00e1vomoc ob\u010danov iniciova\u0165 legislat\u00edvu a referend\u00e1 \u010di odvol\u00e1va\u0165 svojich volen\u00fdch z\u00e1stupcov.[24]<\/a> Pri my\u0161lienke takto v\u00fdraznej reformy politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Franc\u00fazska je v\u0161ak d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 uvedomi\u0165 si aj in\u00fa skuto\u010dnos\u0165. Protesty Hnutia \u017elt\u00fdch viest<\/em> \u010di proti d\u00f4chodkovej reforme mali \u010disto soci\u00e1lny charakter. Aj protesty vyvolan\u00e9 smr\u0165ou Nahela Merzouka <\/em>maj\u00fa s\u00favis so soci\u00e1lnym aspektom franc\u00fazskej spolo\u010dnosti, ke\u010f\u017ee franc\u00fazski imigranti, ktor\u00fdch synom Nahel Mezrouk<\/em> bol, sa dodnes pot\u00fdkaj\u00fa s v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edmi ekonomick\u00fdmi \u0165a\u017ekos\u0165ami, ako majoritn\u00e9 franc\u00fazske obyvate\u013estvo.[25]<\/a> Pr\u00edspevok tak v nadv\u00e4znosti na soci\u00e1lny charakter protestov ukon\u010d\u00edme cit\u00e1tom z krajne \u013eavicov\u00e9ho franc\u00fazskeho \u010dasopisu La Riposte<\/em>, ktor\u00fd sa k mo\u017enosti vytvorenia \u0160iestej franc\u00fazskej republiky M\u00e9lenchonom<\/em> vyjadril takto: \u201e\u00c1no, chceme zni\u010di\u0165 Piatu republiku. Ale \u00fastavn\u00e9 zmeny ni\u010d nevyrie\u0161ia, pokia\u013e nie s\u00fa produktom spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho prevratu. Pokia\u013e banky, hlavn\u00e9 priemyseln\u00e9 odvetvia \u2013 a vlastne cel\u00e1 ekonomika \u2013 zostan\u00fa pod kontrolou kapitalistov, nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 ukon\u010di\u0165 soci\u00e1lny a ekonomick\u00fd \u00fapadok. Robotn\u00edcke hnutie by malo vzia\u0165 do \u00favahy t\u00fato realitu a postavi\u0165 vyvlast\u0148ovanie kapitalistov do centra svojho programu. Kapitalistov zauj\u00edma len zisk. V\u0161etky hlavn\u00e9 p\u00e1ky ekonomiky by sa im mali vytrhn\u00fa\u0165 z r\u00fak a da\u0165 ich pod demokratick\u00fa kontrolu pracuj\u00facich. Nov\u00e1 republika na novom soci\u00e1lnom z\u00e1klade \u2013 to je ten druh zmeny, ktor\u00fd potrebujeme!\u201c<\/em>[26]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]The \u2018yellow vest\u2019 movement explained<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2018\/12\/4\/the-yellow-vest-movement-explained>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] QUERSI Z.: Rising inequality<\/em>: A major issue of our time. <\/em>[online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/rising-inequality-a-major-issue-of-our-time\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] LOCKWOOD P. ; RITCHIE H. ; BAIRIN P. ; BRISCOE O. ; HAQ S.: France wracked by more pension protests amid rising violence on the streets<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2023\/03\/28\/europe\/france-pension-reform-protests-biarritz-airport-intl\/index.html>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] AFP: Protest violence in France falls sharply, a week after fatal pol<\/em>ice shooting of teen. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/europe\/20230704-protest-violence-in-france-falls-sharply-a-week-after-fatal-police-shooting-of-teen>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] APPLEBAUM A.: S\u00famrak demokracie. Zvodn\u00e9 l\u00e1kadlo autorit\u00e1rstva<\/em>. Bratislava: N Press, 2020, s.11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] ZELENKA J.: \u010ce\u0161i jako Prchal\u016fv byznys. V\u016f\u010di emoc\u00edm nem\u00e1 \u0161anci nikdo, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed Babi\u0161\u016fv guru marketingu<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.e15.cz\/rozhovory\/cesi-jako-prchaluv-byznys-vuci-emocim-nema-sanci-nikdo-rika-nekdejsi-babisuv-guru-marketingu-1397114>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] The Psychology of the Price Tag Label<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.labelvalue.com\/blog\/price-tag-label-psychology>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Estimated percentage of votes won in the chamber of deputies and senate in the Italian general election of 2022, by coalition<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1335834\/italy-election-results\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Sweden: General Election, September 2022<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.europeanmovement.ie\/sweden-general-election-september-2022\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] TASR: Kone\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky parlamentn\u00fdch volieb 2022 vo Franc\u00fazsku: Macron stratil v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/svet.sme.sk\/c\/22941970\/francuzsko-parlamentne-volby-2022-vysledky.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND HUMAN SCIENCES: History Repeating<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/liberalarts.vt.edu\/magazine\/2017\/history-repeating.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12] EURIDYCE: France Historical development<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu\/national-education-systems\/france\/historical-development>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13] PARIS: Capital of the 19th Century: The First Republic (1792-1804)<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/cds\/paris\/chronology1.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14] PARIS: Capital of the 19th Century: The First Empire (1804-1815)<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/cds\/paris\/chronology2.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15] Paris: Capital of the 19th Century: The Restoration (1815-1830)<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/cds\/paris\/chronology3.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16] Paris: Capital of the 19th Century: The July Monarchy (1830-1848)<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/cds\/paris\/chronology4.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17] Paris: Capital of the 19th Century: The Second Republic (1848-1852)<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/cds\/paris\/chronology5.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18] Paris: Capital of the 19th Century: The Second Empire (1852-1870)<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/cds\/paris\/chronology6.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19] Paris: Capital of the 19th Century: War, Siege, the Commune (1870-1871)<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/cds\/paris\/chronology7.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20] Paris: Capital of the 19th Century: The Third Republic (1871-1940).<\/em> [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/cds\/paris\/chronology8.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21] \u00d6LMUNGER P.: EIU 2022 democracy report: Stagnation, war and no post-COVID revival<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.democracywithoutborders.org\/26249\/economist-2022-democracy-report-stagnation-war-and-no-post-covid-revival\/>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22] Guardian News: Protesters condemn French court’s ruling in favor Macron’s pensi<\/em>ons bill<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QbBIeKe-WS0>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23] Le Monde ; AFP: Macron signs French pension reform into law despite protests<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/french-pension-reform\/article\/2023\/04\/15\/french-pension-reform-the-bill-has-been-officially-promulgated_6022995_234.html>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24] A new Republic: Leftist M\u00e9lenchon promises to topple France\u2019s \u2018presidential monarchy\u2019<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/europe\/20220321-a-new-republic-leftist-m%C3%A9lenchon-promises-to-topple-france-s-presidential-monarchy>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25] PASCUAL J.: Immigrants in France are becoming more diverse but still face greater economic challenges<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/france\/article\/2023\/03\/31\/immigrants-in-france-are-becoming-more-diverse-but-still-face-greater-economic-challenges_6021311_7.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26] OXLEY G.: France: Jean-Luc M\u00e9lenchon and the Question of the Sixth Republic<\/em>. [online], [cit. 31\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.marxist.com\/jean-luc-melenchon-and-the-question-of-the-sixth-republic.htm>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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