{"id":570,"date":"2023-07-31T21:20:00","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T19:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=570"},"modified":"2023-07-31T20:49:56","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T18:49:56","slug":"kto-su-to-prekariati-a-preco-o-nich-este-budeme-pocut","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=570","title":{"rendered":"Kto s\u00fa to prekari\u00e1ti a pre\u010do o nich e\u0161te budeme po\u010du\u0165"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Prekari\u00e1t m\u00f4\u017eeme vn\u00edma\u0165 ako v\u00fdsledok dne\u0161nej hektickej doby, b\u00farliv\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch zmien a kr\u00edz. Napriek tomu, \u017ee ho tvoria mili\u00f3ny \u013eud\u00ed vo vyspel\u00fdch priemyseln\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch a tie\u017e v rozv\u00edjaj\u00facich sa trhov\u00fdch ekonomik\u00e1ch, je tento pojem pre mnoh\u00fdch z n\u00e1s nezn\u00e1my. Kto je teda s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou vrstvy prekari\u00e1tu a pre\u010do je mnoh\u00fdmi akademikmi ozna\u010dovan\u00fd za hrozbu dne\u0161nej doby? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00f4\u017eeme ho definova\u0165 ako soci\u00e1lnu triedu \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v neust\u00e1lom stave neistoty a \u017eij\u00fa bez predv\u00eddate\u013enosti vo vz\u0165ahu k svojmu zamestnaneck\u00e9mu prostrediu. Prekari\u00e1t tvoria takzvan\u00ed pracovn\u00edci \u201egig economy\u201c, \u010do s\u00fa najm\u00e4 nez\u00e1visl\u00ed pracovn\u00edci bez dlhodob\u00fdch, alebo trval\u00fdch zml\u00fav a takisto \u013eudia s kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdmi alebo nulov\u00fdmi pracovn\u00fdmi hodinami.[1]<\/a> Tento fenom\u00e9n je vidite\u013en\u00fd a roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fd aj na Slovensku, nako\u013eko je tak\u00fdto form\u00e1t pr\u00e1ce v\u00fdhodn\u00fd najm\u00e4 pre zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea na \u00fakor istoty pre zamestnanca. V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sa zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eovi zni\u017euj\u00fa n\u00e1klady, napr\u00edklad v oblasti odv\u00e1dzania pr\u00edjmu do zdravotnej starostlivosti \u010di nemocensk\u00fdch a matersk\u00fdch d\u00e1vok pre svojich zamestnancov. Okrem t\u00fdchto spomenut\u00fdch \u00fa\u013eav pre zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea taktie\u017e spravidla nie s\u00fa splnen\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie r\u00f4zne zamestnaneck\u00e9 benefity. K \u0161\u00edreniu tohto modern\u00e9ho fenom\u00e9nu prispelo aj zr\u00fatenie syst\u00e9mu rozde\u013eovania pr\u00edjmov v podobe, v akej sme ho poznali z 20. storo\u010dia. Aj s pomocou \u0161\u00edrenia globaliz\u00e1cie, zr\u00fdchlenej moderniz\u00e1cie a flexibiln\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch reforiem sa vytvorila nov\u00e1 glob\u00e1lna \u0161trukt\u00fara tried. Dne\u0161n\u00fa dobu by sme mohli charakterizova\u0165 ako dobu miliard\u00e1rov s absurdnou mocou a neprimeran\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom k zdrojom, zmen\u0161uj\u00facou sa strednou pracovnou triedou a rast\u00facou \u0161k\u00e1lou nemzdov\u00fdch v\u00fdhod s r\u00fdchlo rast\u00facim prekari\u00e1tom. Pr\u00e1ve v\u010faka ve\u013ekej flexibilite pr\u00e1ce, ktor\u00fa t\u00fato doba pon\u00faka, sa prekari\u00e1t st\u00e1va ohrozenou triedou s prevl\u00e1daj\u00facou neistotou. Vytvorili sa nov\u00e9 pojmy v pracovnom prostred\u00ed, ako napr\u00edklad \u201eon-call work\u201c \u010di \u201ecloud work\u201c. Pracovn\u00edci na t\u00fdchto poz\u00edci\u00e1ch \u010dastokr\u00e1t postr\u00e1daj\u00fa profesijn\u00fa identitu, nemaj\u00fa \u017eiadny kvalifikovan\u00fd profesijn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nemaj\u00fa pocit, \u017ee by mali kari\u00e9rnu dr\u00e1hu. Nev\u00fdhodn\u00fd je z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska pre zamestnanca aj ekonomick\u00fd faktor, nako\u013eko mus\u00ed vykona\u0165 mno\u017estvo pr\u00e1ce, ktor\u00e1 sa v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku neobjav\u00ed v ofici\u00e1lnych \u0161tatistik\u00e1ch.[2]<\/a> <\/sup>Jednoduch\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom z praxe je takzvan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca za in\u00fa mzdu, ako je mzda uveden\u00e1 na v\u00fdplatnej p\u00e1ske. Tento zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd sp\u00f4sob m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok n\u00edzky d\u00f4chodok v bud\u00facnosti, a to aj napriek vy\u0161\u0161iemu pr\u00edjmu a odpracovan\u00fdm hodin\u00e1m. Nepresn\u00e9 uvedenie vykonanej pr\u00e1ce zo strany zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea dok\u00e1\u017ee zamestnanca po\u0161kodi\u0165 aj v \u010fal\u0161\u00edch rovin\u00e1ch. \u010castokr\u00e1t sa t\u00fdm zhor\u0161uje aj mo\u017enos\u0165 z\u00edska\u0165 hypot\u00e9ku \u010di prenaja\u0165 si byt. \u013dudia vykon\u00e1vaj\u00faci prekarizovan\u00fa pr\u00e1cu poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa takmer zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch odvetv\u00ed a rovnako vekov\u00fdch kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed. Pozorujeme v\u0161ak, \u017ee hlavne mlad\u00ed \u013eudia s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou tohto fenom\u00e9nu najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li vidine r\u00fdchlych pe\u0148az\u00ed a bez dlhodob\u00e9ho \u010dakania na pracovn\u00fa pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 nikdy nemus\u00ed nasta\u0165. Star\u0161ia gener\u00e1cia vyu\u017e\u00edva tak\u00fato formu pr\u00e1ce najm\u00e4 po strate stabiln\u00e9ho zamestnania a to hlavne s cie\u013eom vyhn\u00fa\u0165 sa mo\u017enej potrebe rekvalifik\u00e1cie. To v\u0161etko vytv\u00e1ra u zamestnanca prekari\u00e1tu frustr\u00e1ciu, neistotu a stres. Za opak prekari\u00e1tu m\u00f4\u017eeme ozna\u010di\u0165 salari\u00e1t, pomerne nov\u00fd pojem, ktor\u00fd ozna\u010duje doned\u00e1vna zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Za salari\u00e1tov sa pova\u017euj\u00fa \u013eudia zamestnan\u00ed na trval\u00fd pracovn\u00fd pomer so v\u0161etk\u00fdmi zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi zamestnaneck\u00fdmi v\u00fdhodami, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa platen\u00e1 dovolenka, pracovn\u00e1 neschopnos\u0165 (PN) a sporenie do d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9ho fondu. V\u0161etky tieto v\u00fdhody prekari\u00e1ti str\u00e1caj\u00fa, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje, \u017ee sa dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa do stavu, v ktorom sa m\u00f4\u017eu spolieha\u0165 len na priame pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9 mzdy alebo z\u00e1robky. \u013dudia v t\u00fdchto zamestnaneck\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch si preto nedok\u00e1\u017eu z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska budova\u0165 a progres\u00edvne rozv\u00edja\u0165 svoje \u017eivobytie a majetok. Tieto skuto\u010dnosti doved\u00fa zamestnanca prekari\u00e1tu k \u017eivotu na hranici neudr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9ho dlhu s vedom\u00edm, \u017ee jedna choroba, nehoda alebo chyba ich m\u00f4\u017ee privies\u0165 do finan\u010dnej priepasti \u010di \u00fapln\u00e9ho bankrotu. Ost\u00e1vaj\u00fa tak bez v\u00edzie lep\u0161ej bud\u00facnosti, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00fa frustr\u00e1ciu a stres v osobnom \u017eivote, \u010do sa spravidla odr\u00e1\u017ea aj na ich pracovnom v\u00fdkone. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co si v\u0161ak mno\u017estvo prekari\u00e1tov neuvedomuje je to, \u017ee prekari\u00e1t je prvou hromadnou triedou v hist\u00f3rii, v ktorej \u00farove\u0148 vzdelania prevy\u0161uje \u00farove\u0148 potrebn\u00fa pre druh pr\u00e1ce, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017eu o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165. Prekari\u00e1t existuje vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine povolan\u00ed a na v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine \u00farovn\u00ed v r\u00e1mci korpor\u00e1ci\u00ed. Tak\u00e1to pr\u00e1ca sa zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a vykon\u00e1va mimo be\u017en\u00fdch pracov\u00edsk a mimo klasick\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch hod\u00edn. Neistota miesta a \u010dasu, v ktorom bude \u010dlovek pracova\u0165, vytv\u00e1ra permanentn\u00fd stres, z ktor\u00e9ho pramen\u00ed frustr\u00e1cia a nespokojnos\u0165 ako v pracovnom prostred\u00ed, tak aj v pracovnom \u017eivote. Historick\u00e1 sk\u00fasenos\u0165 n\u00e1m hovor\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve takto frustrovan\u00ed \u013eudia s\u00fa probl\u00e9mom pre pokojn\u00fd chod syst\u00e9mu v krajine, ke\u010f\u017ee sa uchy\u013euj\u00fa k jednoduch\u00fdm rie\u0161eniam a nen\u00e1vistn\u00fdm prejavom. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia neistota prekari\u00e1tov je neistota v oblasti pr\u00edjmu. T\u00e1to neistota sa l\u00ed\u0161i od nepredv\u00eddan\u00fdch riz\u00edk, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa nezamestnanos\u0165, materstvo a choroba, ktor\u00e9 boli hlavn\u00fdmi oblas\u0165ami soci\u00e1lnych \u0161t\u00e1tov. Pre tie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 pravdepodobnos\u0165 tak\u00fdchto udalost\u00ed a vytvori\u0165 poistn\u00fa sch\u00e9mu. Neistotu prekari\u00e1tu v\u0161ak nemo\u017eno poisti\u0165, nako\u013eko ide o nie\u010do \u201enezn\u00e1me\u201c. Prekari\u00e1t v praxi \u010dastokr\u00e1t str\u00e1ca hmatate\u013en\u00e9 pr\u00e1va a pr\u00edstup k ich vym\u00e1haniu, konkr\u00e9tne soci\u00e1lne, politick\u00e9 \u010di ekonomick\u00e9 pr\u00e1va. Problematick\u00e9 je najm\u00e4 to, \u017ee si to neuvedomuje, a\u017e k\u00fdm ich nepotrebuje, respekt\u00edve a\u017e vtedy, ke\u010f s\u00fa dramaticky a systematicky poru\u0161ovan\u00e9. Absencia kult\u00farnych pr\u00e1v sa prejavuje najm\u00e4 pri \u010dlenstv\u00e1ch v odboroch \u010di profesijn\u00fdch cechoch, ktor\u00e9 by poskytli vrstve prekari\u00e1tu bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a identitu pri pr\u00e1ci. O tomto jave hovor\u00ed aj cit\u00e1t: \u201eby\u0165 v prekari\u00e1te je ako beha\u0165 po pot\u00e1paj\u00facom sa piesku<\/em>.\u201c[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prekari\u00e1t je \u010dastokr\u00e1t ozna\u010dovan\u00fd ako \u201enebezpe\u010dn\u00e1, respekt\u00edve ohrozen\u00e1  trieda\u201c. Tak\u00fdto pojem m\u00f4\u017eeme pozna\u0165 od marxistov, no prekari\u00e1t je nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd v inom zmysle. V prvom rade tento fenom\u00e9n vpl\u00fdva nepriaznivo na zdravotn\u00fd stav pracovn\u00edka. Neust\u00e1la neistota prispieva k du\u0161evn\u00fdm poruch\u00e1m, vysokej miere chorobnosti a v krajnom pr\u00edpade m\u00f4\u017ee vy\u00fasti\u0165 a\u017e k samovra\u017ed\u00e1m. V druhom rade je prekari\u00e1t nebezpe\u010denstvom pre politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, najm\u00e4 pre demokratick\u00e9 hodnoty. T\u00edto \u013eudia s\u00fa toti\u017e oddelen\u00ed od hlavn\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu, postaven\u00ed na okraji spolo\u010dnosti. Maj\u00fa pocit, \u017ee svoj\u00edm konan\u00edm nemaj\u00fa \u017eiaden vplyv na chod syst\u00e9mu, pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia a v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku ani nad svojim osobn\u00fdm \u017eivotom. Mnoh\u00e9 soci\u00e1lne skupiny, ktor\u00e9 tvoria prekari\u00e1t, maj\u00fa zahmlen\u00e9 deformovan\u00e9 vedomie, \u010do sa prejavuje r\u00f4znymi \u010dinmi, od anom\u00e1lneho spr\u00e1vania a\u017e po de\u0161trukt\u00edvne aktivity spojen\u00e9 s krimin\u00e1lnym, delikventn\u00fdm spr\u00e1van\u00edm. Doch\u00e1dza tak k duchovnej a mravnej degrad\u00e1cii osobnosti, strate ide\u00e1lov a v\u00edzie lep\u0161ej bud\u00facnosti, \u010di viery v spravodlivos\u0165 a spr\u00e1vne usporiadanie sveta.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00f4\u017eeme kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee m\u00e1me do\u010dinenie so z\u00e1sadne novou soci\u00e1lnou form\u00e1ciou, ktor\u00e1 v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti e\u0161te st\u00e1le do zna\u010dnej miery nesie \u010drty neistoty a strachu. Z hist\u00f3rie pozn\u00e1me pr\u00edpady, kedy sa k neistej skupine pridal siln\u00fd vodca a p\u00edsali sa nov\u00e9 dejiny. Prekari\u00e1t je nov\u00fd, potenci\u00e1lne nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd fenom\u00e9n dne\u0161nej doby. Prekarizovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca po\u0161kodzuje pracovn\u00e9 prostredie a deformuje pracovn\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy. Ak sa tento trend bude roz\u0161irova\u0165 aj na\u010falej a budeme prehliada\u0165 tieto skuto\u010dnosti, hroz\u00ed n\u00e1m soci\u00e1lny kolaps, destabiliz\u00e1cia syst\u00e9mu, ob\u010dianske konflikty \u010di odvrat od demokratick\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Zdroje: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] The precariat<\/em>. [online], [cit. 9\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/oxford-review.com\/oxford-review-encyclopaedia-terms\/the-precariat\/> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] STANDING, G. Who are ‚The Precariat‘ and why do they threaten our society? <\/em>[online], [cit. 9\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2018\/05\/01\/who-are-the-precariat-and-why-they-threaten-our-society-view><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] STANDING, G. The Precariat: Today’s Transformative Class? ? <\/em>[online], [cit. 9\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/greattransition.org\/publication\/precariat-transformative-class> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] GOLUBEV,S. The Precariat: A New Social Phenomenon.<\/em> [online], [cit. 9\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/the-precariat-a-new-social-phenomenon-au6f34io\/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prekari\u00e1t m\u00f4\u017eeme vn\u00edma\u0165 ako v\u00fdsledok dne\u0161nej hektickej doby, b\u00farliv\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch zmien a kr\u00edz. Napriek tomu, \u017ee ho tvoria mili\u00f3ny \u013eud\u00ed vo vyspel\u00fdch priemyseln\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch a tie\u017e v rozv\u00edjaj\u00facich sa trhov\u00fdch ekonomik\u00e1ch, je tento pojem pre mnoh\u00fdch z n\u00e1s nezn\u00e1my. Kto je teda s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou vrstvy prekari\u00e1tu a pre\u010do je mnoh\u00fdmi akademikmi ozna\u010dovan\u00fd za hrozbu dne\u0161nej doby?  M\u00f4\u017eeme ho […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-570","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"\nKto s\u00fa to prekari\u00e1ti a pre\u010do o nich e\u0161te budeme po\u010du\u0165 - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=570\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kto s\u00fa to prekari\u00e1ti a pre\u010do o nich e\u0161te budeme po\u010du\u0165 - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Prekari\u00e1t m\u00f4\u017eeme vn\u00edma\u0165 ako v\u00fdsledok dne\u0161nej hektickej doby, b\u00farliv\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch zmien a kr\u00edz. 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