{"id":565,"date":"2023-07-31T21:19:00","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T19:19:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=565"},"modified":"2023-07-31T19:42:50","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T17:42:50","slug":"je-mozne-riadit-socializmus-ako-firmu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=565","title":{"rendered":"Je mo\u017en\u00e9 riadi\u0165 socializmus ako firmu?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00davod\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Socializmus v \u010ceskoslovensku st\u00e1l pred \u0165a\u017ekou prek\u00e1\u017ekou, ktorou bolo h\u013eadanie\u00a0 spr\u00e1vneho pomeru medzi politickou mocou a vedeck\u00fdm poznan\u00edm najm\u00e4 v ot\u00e1zkach \u010do najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161ieho centr\u00e1lne pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva a \u00fasil\u00edm o naplnenie hlavn\u00fdch pr\u00eds\u013eubov socializmu, ktor\u00fdmi boli napr. soci\u00e1lna spravodlivos\u0165, v\u0161eobecn\u00fd blahobyt a vytvorenie \u201edokonalej\u201c beztriednej komunistickej spolo\u010dnosti.[1]<\/a> Povojnov\u00e9 obdobie, ktor\u00e9 bolo v\u00fdrazne ovplyvnen\u00e9 diktat\u00farou Komunistickej strany \u010ceskoslovenska, del\u00edme do troch f\u00e1z na: vplyv stalinizmu, reformn\u00e9ho komunizmu a celospolo\u010densky zn\u00e1meho obdobia takzvanej normaliz\u00e1cie. Signifikantn\u00fdmi znakmi t\u00fdchto f\u00e1z boli prim\u00e1rne Stalinsk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 procesy, reformn\u00e1 kult\u00fara \u0161es\u0165desiatych rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia a taktie\u017e monot\u00f3nna ka\u017edodennos\u0165 neskor\u00e9ho socializmu.[2] <\/a>Na\u0161imi hlavn\u00fdm z\u00e1merom bude pouk\u00e1za\u0165 na technokratick\u00e9 tendencie a tie\u017e aj v\u0161eobecn\u00fd vz\u0165ah modern\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dnutia a vl\u00e1dnutia prostredn\u00edctvom tzv. expertov a vedcov. Okrem toho sa taktie\u017e na pr\u00edklade socialistick\u00e9ho \u010ceskoslovenska posna\u017e\u00edme uk\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee aj technokratick\u00e1 depolitiz\u00e1cia je politick\u00fdm jednan\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 vy\u017eaduje preklad politick\u00e9ho jazyka zdanlivo nezaujatej vedy.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Term\u00edn technokracia pou\u017eil ako prv\u00fd americk\u00fd in\u017einier Wiliam Henry Smith v diele Technokracia<\/em> z roku 1920. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm predstavite\u013eom technokratick\u00e9ho myslenia bol jeden z najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch predstavite\u013eov utopick\u00e9ho socializmu Franc\u00faz Henri de Saint-Simon, ktor\u00fd pova\u017eoval vedu a vedeck\u00e9 poznanie za n\u00e1stroj na rie\u0161enie spolo\u010densk\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov. Veda mala pod\u013ea Saint-Simona nahradi\u0165 cirkev a spiritualitu ako sila, ktor\u00e1 zjednocuje spolo\u010dnos\u0165 v \u00e9re industrializ\u00e1cie a technologick\u00e9ho pokroku. Medzi \u010fal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch myslite\u013eov v oblasti technokracie patril aj americk\u00fd sociol\u00f3g a ekon\u00f3m Thomas Veblen. Pod\u013ea Veblena mali in\u017einieri a vedci z\u00edska\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu rozhodovaciu pr\u00e1vomoc a vyslobodi\u0165 v\u00fdrobu a spolo\u010dnos\u0165 z moci podnikate\u013eov, ktor\u00fdm i\u0161lo len o svoj zisk.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlavn\u00fdm znakom, ktor\u00fdm sa prezentovali nielen modern\u00e9 diktat\u00fary ale aj demokracie bol pr\u00edklon k vl\u00e1de expertov a vedcov. Tak\u00fdto sp\u00f4sob n\u00e1sledne zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje z\u00e1sadn\u00fd v\u00fdznam vedeck\u00e9ho poznania pri riaden\u00ed \u0161t\u00e1tu aj jeho ekonomiky. Predstavitelia technokratick\u00fdch met\u00f3d\u00a0 nesk\u00f4r argumentuj\u00fa t\u00fato skuto\u010dnos\u0165 slovami \u017ee: \u201eide o nepolitick\u00fa vl\u00e1du odborn\u00edkov a expertov v r\u00f4znych odvetviach.\u201c[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technokratick\u00e1 moc stavia politick\u00e9, soci\u00e1lne a hospod\u00e1rske ot\u00e1zky do poz\u00edcie technick\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 efekt\u00edvne a r\u00fdchlo rie\u0161i\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom korektn\u00fdch a odborne vytvoren\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov ako s\u00fa napr\u00edklad: anal\u00fdzy empirick\u00fdch d\u00e1t, vedeck\u00e9 met\u00f3dy riadenia a najmodernej\u0161ie technol\u00f3gie. \u0160t\u00e1t, a teda aj spolo\u010dnos\u0165 sa st\u00e1vaj\u00fa jedn\u00fdm komplexn\u00fdm podnikom s vymedzen\u00fdmi zdrojmi, ktor\u00e9 je potreba vyu\u017ei\u0165 \u010do najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie. Faktom v\u0161ak n\u00e1sledne ost\u00e1va, \u017ee dokonal\u00fa technokraciu a tot\u00e1lnu vl\u00e1du apolitick\u00fdch expertov sa nikdy nepodarilo vytvori\u0165. Napriek tejto skuto\u010dnosti je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 podotkn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee snahy o nahradenie politickej racionality expertn\u00fdm veden\u00edm boli v \u0161t\u00e1tnom socializme intenz\u00edvne. Technokratick\u00e9 tendencie n\u00e1s teda ved\u00fa k popul\u00e1rnym dobov\u00fdm my\u0161lienkam, ktor\u00e9 tvrdili \u017ee: \u201e<\/em>socializmus bude mo\u017en\u00e9 alebo dokonca nutn\u00e9 riadi\u0165 ako firmu.\u201d[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reformn\u00fd komunizmus a technokracia v obdob\u00ed pred a po\u010das Pra\u017eskej jari<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod\u013ea \u010desk\u00e9ho historika V\u00edt\u011bzslava Sommera z \u00dastavu pre s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 dejiny Akad\u00e9mie vied \u010ceskej republiky, bol zlat\u00fd vek technokratick\u00e9ho socializmu v \u010ceskoslovensku po\u010das sedemdesiatych rokov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 za normaliza\u010dn\u00e9. Obdobie Pra\u017eskej jari v roku 1968 m\u00f4\u017eeme ozna\u010di\u0165 ako pragmatick\u00e9 nadviazanie na niektor\u00e9 zlo\u017eky jeho politiky.[7]<\/a> D\u00f4sledky reforma\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia vytvorili vz\u00e1jomn\u00fd boj na jednej strane medzi radik\u00e1lnymi demokratick\u00fdmi \u00famyslami ako bolo napr. zavedenie pluralitn\u00e9ho stran\u00edckeho syst\u00e9mu a posilnenie zamestnaneckej samospr\u00e1vy a na tej druhej uprednost\u0148ovanie v\u00fdznamu vedy, modern\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a posil\u0148ovanie politickej \u00falohy vzdelan\u00fdch vrstiev spolo\u010dnosti. Reformn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 myslenie taktie\u017e okrem in\u00e9ho obsahovalo aj mno\u017estvo predst\u00e1v o n\u00e1slednom mocenskom rozlo\u017een\u00ed v \u0161t\u00e1te. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 dilema vznikala pri nejasn\u00fdch odpovediach na ot\u00e1zku, kto by mal v reformnom socializme vl\u00e1dnu\u0165. Mal by\u0165 politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ei viacer\u00fdch politick\u00fdch str\u00e1n? Alebo mala by\u0165 zachovan\u00e1 otrepan\u00e1 my\u0161lienka o takzvanej \u201eved\u00facej \u00falohe Komunistickej strany \u010ceskoslovenska<\/em>\u201c? R\u00f4znorod\u00e1 typol\u00f3gia reformn\u00fdch n\u00e1vrhov vyvol\u00e1vala permanentn\u00fd konflikt medzi mana\u017e\u00e9rstvom a podnikovou samospr\u00e1vou, najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li rast\u00facemu v\u00fdznamu vzdelan\u00fdch el\u00edt a z\u00e1kladnej my\u0161lienke o vl\u00e1de robotn\u00edckej triedy a teda aj spom\u00ednanej ved\u00facej strane KS\u010c. Pri tejto problematike je v\u0161ak d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 podotkn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee aj napriek celosvetovej politickej demokratiz\u00e1cii a b\u00faran\u00ed povojnov\u00e9ho usporiadania (USA, Franc\u00fazsko, Nemecko, Ve\u013ek\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nia) na konci \u0161es\u0165desiatych rokov, vykazoval hlavn\u00fd reformn\u00fd pr\u00fad v \u010ceskoslovensku \u00fasilie o \u201ezdokonalenie\u201c politick\u00e9ho a ekonomick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a nie o jeho radik\u00e1lne prekonanie. Fundament\u00e1lnymi cie\u013emi \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch reform\u00e1torov boli vy\u0161\u0161ia \u00farove\u0148 organiz\u00e1cie hospod\u00e1rskeho a politick\u00e9ho \u017eivota a signifikantnej\u0161\u00ed rast ekonomickej v\u00fdkonnosti (minimaliz\u00e1cia n\u00e1kladov \u2013 maximaliz\u00e1cia zisku, plnenie centr\u00e1lnych pl\u00e1nov, dosiahnutie \u017eiad\u00faceho \u010d\u00edsla HDP).[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pl\u00e1novanie a technokratick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dnutie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friedrich Engels pova\u017eoval pl\u00e1novanie za jeden z najz\u00e1kladnej\u0161\u00edch pilierov socializmu. Pl\u00e1novanie bolo podmienkou uskuto\u010dnenia historick\u00e9ho poslania, ktor\u00e9ho cie\u013eom bolo dosiahnutie kone\u010dnej f\u00e1zy historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja v podobe komunizmu a beztriednej spolo\u010dnosti. \u0160t\u00e1tny socializmus sovietskeho typu sa niesol v znamen\u00ed zlo\u017eit\u00e9ho pl\u00e1novacieho syst\u00e9mu, v ktorom sa vytv\u00e1rali napr. dobre zn\u00e1me \u201ep\u00e4\u0165ro\u010dnice\u201c (vypracovanie n\u00e1vrhu smern\u00edc \u00daV KS\u010c a vl\u00e1dy) alebo pl\u00e1ny na rok, pl\u00e1ny jednotliv\u00fdch podnikov \u010di regi\u00f3nov.[9]<\/a> Technokratick\u00ed predstavitelia boli pripraven\u00ed vyvin\u00fa\u0165 postupy na pl\u00e1novanie: bud\u00faceho v\u00fdvoja hospod\u00e1rstva, zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu, infra\u0161trukt\u00fary, ukazovate\u013eov produktivity pr\u00e1ce, rozvoja v\u00fdchovy \u013eud\u00ed, \u0161kolstva, kult\u00fary (\u010di\u017ee nie len s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 ekonomiky), objemu v\u00fdroby, v\u00fdvoja zamestnanosti (ur\u010dovanie po\u010dtu absolventov \u0161k\u00f4l vzh\u013eadom na pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 bud\u00face potreby \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva) \u2013 z\u00e1kladom toho v\u0161etk\u00e9ho bol siln\u00fd byrokratick\u00fd apar\u00e1t na v\u0161etk\u00fdch stup\u0148och.[10] <\/a>Pod\u013ea r\u00f4znych sovietskych u\u010debn\u00edc bolo pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 riadenie nielen ekonomick\u00fdm z\u00e1sahom ale taktie\u017e \u201enajd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou str\u00e1nkou hospod\u00e1rsko-organiz\u00e1torskej funkcie socialistick\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu\u201c. V reformnej ekon\u00f3mii v\u0161ak experti prip\u00fa\u0161\u0165ali, \u017ee pl\u00e1novanie je len \u201epravdepodobn\u00fd odhad\u201c a je mo\u017en\u00e9 alebo dokonca \u00fa\u010deln\u00e9, aby sa skuto\u010dnos\u0165 odchy\u013eovala od pl\u00e1nu s absenciou radik\u00e1lneho plnenia za ka\u017ed\u00fa cenu.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Urbanizmus a soci\u00e1lne pl\u00e1novanie v technokratickom vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metodika soci\u00e1lneho pl\u00e1novania sovietskeho typu vypracovan\u00e1 v roku 1970 sa pod\u013ea V\u00edt\u011bzslava Sommera prim\u00e1rne zameriavala na p\u00e4\u0165 oblast\u00ed: zvy\u0161ovanie kvalifik\u00e1cie zamestnancov, zlep\u0161ovanie pracovn\u00fdch podmienok a bezpe\u010dnosti pr\u00e1ce, zvy\u0161ovanie \u017eivotnej \u00farovne, komunistick\u00e1 v\u00fdchova pracuj\u00facich a soci\u00e1lno-psychologick\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy v kolekt\u00edve pracuj\u00facich. Okrem toho soci\u00e1lne pl\u00e1novanie vych\u00e1dzalo z predpokladov, \u017ee \u0161t\u00e1tom vlastnen\u00fd socialistick\u00fd podnik nie je len \u010dist\u00fdm v\u00fdrobcom a zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eom, ale taktie\u017e org\u00e1nom \u0161t\u00e1tnej spr\u00e1vy. Preto by mal tak\u00fdto podnik nap\u013a\u0148a\u0165 \u0161t\u00e1tnu politiku nielen vo v\u00fdrobe, ale aj v starostlivosti o pracuj\u00facich, ich \u017eivotnej \u00farovne, \u017eivotn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00fdlu ale aj v s\u00fastreden\u00ed sa na tvorbu strat\u00e9gie, ktor\u00e1 dok\u00e1\u017ee \u010do najviac prehlbova\u0165 socialistick\u00fd charakter celej spolo\u010dnosti.[12]<\/a> \u010eal\u0161ou v\u00fdznamnou oblas\u0165ou, ktor\u00e1 vych\u00e1dzala zo sovietskej reality bolo soci\u00e1lne pl\u00e1novanie miest, regi\u00f3nov a popul\u00e1cie v jednotliv\u00fdch \u00fazemn\u00fdch jednotk\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 malo za n\u00e1sledok budovanie typick\u00fdch priemyslov\u00fdch miest. Expertn\u00e9 soci\u00e1lne pl\u00e1novanie sa v tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch\u00a0 zameriavalo prim\u00e1rne na budovanie zlo\u017eit\u00e9ho technologick\u00e9ho projektu, ktor\u00e9ho s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou bolo vybudovanie a premena celej zamestnaneckej \u0161trukt\u00fary v tom danom regi\u00f3ne. Toto pl\u00e1novanie zastre\u0161ovalo cel\u00fa radu \u010dinite\u013eov ako boli napr.: pl\u00e1novanie soci\u00e1lnych slu\u017eieb, kult\u00farneho vy\u017eitia, rekrea\u010dn\u00e9ho z\u00e1zemia, \u0161kolstva, dopravnej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary \u010di vytv\u00e1ranie pracovn\u00fdch miest pre man\u017eelky zamestnancov v strategick\u00fdch podnikoch dan\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.[13]<\/a> V na\u0161ich kon\u010din\u00e1ch ako pr\u00edklad uv\u00e1dzame ko\u0161ick\u00fa mestsk\u00fa \u010das\u0165 \u0160aca, ktor\u00e1 bola prebudovan\u00e1 pre potreby V\u00fdchodoslovensk\u00fdch \u017eeleziarn\u00ed alebo taktie\u017e mesto Pripia\u0165 v Sovietskom zv\u00e4ze pri \u010cernoby\u013eskej at\u00f3movej elektr\u00e1rni.[14]<\/a> Najvy\u0161\u0161iu da\u0148 za radik\u00e1lne\u00a0 pl\u00e1novanie platilo najm\u00e4 \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie, \u010falej pri urbanistickom pl\u00e1novan\u00ed to bolo znehodnocovanie historick\u00fdch z\u00e1stavieb, budov a dedi\u010dstva\u00a0 a taktie\u017e aj realita, pri ktorej \u201epl\u00e1nova\u010dom\u201c ne\u0161lo o skuto\u010dn\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 potreby len o nap\u013a\u0148anie vypracovan\u00fdch progn\u00f3z a \u010d\u00edsel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Te\u00f3ria riadenia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1strojmi te\u00f3rie riadenia boli v \u010ceskoslovensku psychol\u00f3gia pr\u00e1ce a priemyslov\u00e1 sociol\u00f3gia, ktor\u00e9 sk\u00famali \u013eudsk\u00fd faktor v hospod\u00e1rskom riaden\u00ed a rozv\u00edjali starostlivos\u0165 o skupiny \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 boli poveren\u00e9 riaden\u00edm. Samotn\u00e1 personalistika a jej faktory boli vytvoren\u00e9 a prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u0161peci\u00e1lne na socialistick\u00fa ekonomiku. Hlavn\u00fdm predmetom t\u00fdchto v\u00fdskumov boli samotn\u00ed zamestnanci a syst\u00e9m pr\u00e1ce s \u013eu\u010fmi.[15]<\/a> V na\u0161om \u0161t\u00e1te sa touto problematikou zaoberal najm\u00e4 In\u0161tit\u00fat pre v\u00fdchovu ved\u00facich pracovn\u00edkov v priemysle, Ekonomick\u00fd \u00fastav \u010cSAV a taktie\u017e aj Sociologick\u00fd \u00fastav \u010cSAV. Publik\u00e1cie t\u00fdchto subjektov sa s\u00fastredili na psychol\u00f3giu pr\u00e1ce ako aplikovan\u00fa vedu, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama vz\u0165ah medzi organiz\u00e1ciou pr\u00e1ce, fyzickou podobou pracoviska a vytv\u00e1ran\u00edm osobnosti samotn\u00e9ho zamestnanca. Psychol\u00f3govia a sociol\u00f3govia vytv\u00e1rali postupy person\u00e1lneho vedenia zamestnancov, ktor\u00e9 si mali ved\u00faci pracovn\u00edci v jednotliv\u00fdch podnikoch osvoji\u0165 a vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v ka\u017edodennej praxi. Okrem profesijn\u00e9ho vzdel\u00e1vania a \u0161kolenia mana\u017e\u00e9rov a ved\u00facich pracovn\u00edkov vych\u00e1dzali publik\u00e1cie a \u010dasopisy, ktor\u00e9 sa zameriavali na ich \u017eivotn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl, starostlivos\u0165 o ich zdravie a rozvoj v osobnostnom \u017eivote. Ved\u00faci pracovn\u00edci dost\u00e1vali presn\u00e9 a stru\u010dn\u00e9 formulovan\u00e9 n\u00e1vody ako si efekt\u00edvne organizova\u0165 pracovn\u00fd \u010das, vo\u013en\u00fd \u010das \u010di dokonca stru\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00edru\u010dky o v\u00fdbere svojej \u017eivotnej partnerky.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako pr\u00edklad dokonal\u00e9ho socialistick\u00e9ho mana\u017e\u00e9ra m\u00f4\u017eeme uvies\u0165 napr. p\u00e1na doc. Ing. Miroslava Gr\u00e9gra, CSc., ktor\u00fd p\u00f4sobil ako riadite\u013e z\u00e1vodu Desta v \u010deskom D\u011b\u010d\u00edne. Tento z\u00e1vod sa zaoberal v\u00fdrobou vysokozdvi\u017en\u00fdch voz\u00edkov. Okrem neoby\u010dajn\u00e9ho \u00fasilia a vyu\u017e\u00edvania spr\u00e1vnych mana\u017e\u00e9rskych met\u00f3d, Gr\u00e9gr zd\u00f4raz\u0148oval v\u00fdznam vzdel\u00e1vania a kvalifik\u00e1cie zamestnancov, budovanie zna\u010dky, siln\u00fd marketing a taktie\u017e aj dnes u\u017e v\u0161etk\u00fdm zn\u00e1me vz\u0165ahy s verejnos\u0165ou (PR). Po ne\u017enej revol\u00facii p\u00f4sobil Miroslav Gr\u00e9gr ako minister stroj\u00e1renstva a elektrotechniky a n\u00e1sledne v rokoch 1998 a\u017e 2002 ako minister priemyslu a obchodu za \u010cesk\u00fa stranu soci\u00e1lne demokratick\u00fa.[17]<\/a> Paradoxom v\u0161ak pri tejto problematike ost\u00e1va skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee napriek v\u00fdraznej kritike reform\u00e1torov vo\u010di stalinistick\u00e9mu kultu osobnosti, te\u00f3ria riadenia presadzovala ide\u00e1l v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch a siln\u00fdch podnikate\u013esk\u00fdch vodcov.[18]<\/a> N\u00e1sledne v roku 1970 predstavitelia normaliz\u00e1cie tvrdili, \u017ee leninsk\u00e9 trad\u00edcie nevylu\u010dovali prij\u00edmanie poznatkov zo Z\u00e1padu. Pod\u013ea in\u0161tit\u00fatu riadenia mala te\u00f3ria riadenia na\u010falej zvy\u0161ova\u0165 odborn\u00e9 schopnosti mana\u017e\u00e9rov a \u201epou\u010dova\u0165 sa pritom od priate\u013eov aj protivn\u00edkov<\/em>.\u201c[19]<\/a>\u00a0 S\u00fa\u010dasne v\u0161ak musela te\u00f3ria riadenia re\u0161pektova\u0165 ideol\u00f3giu marxizmu a leninizmu a odmieta\u0165 tie s\u00favislosti mana\u017e\u00e9rstva, ktor\u00e9 vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z triednej poz\u00edcie z\u00e1padn\u00fdch mana\u017e\u00e9rov pri ovl\u00e1dan\u00ed kapitalistickej ekonomiky a z triedneho zlo\u017eenia kapitalistickej spolo\u010dnosti.\u201c[20]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technokracia v praxi a \u010d\u00edslach<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na za\u010diatku \u0161es\u0165desiatych rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia boli mest\u00e1 a obce tvoren\u00e9 preva\u017ene z\u00e1stavbou z medzivojnov\u00e9ho obdobia alebo z d\u00e1vnych \u010dias Rak\u00fasko-Uhorska. Infra\u0161trukt\u00fara bola prim\u00e1rne zlo\u017een\u00e1 zo \u017eeleznice a dl\u00e1\u017eden\u00fdch ciest. Dopravu vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch zaobstar\u00e1vali elektri\u010dky alebo trolejbusy a osobn\u00fd automobil vlastnil pribli\u017ene jeden \u010dlovek zo sedemdesiatich. N\u00e1sledne v druhej polovici sedemdesiatych rokov boli mest\u00e1 pln\u00e9 s\u00eddlisk z panelov\u00fdch domov, s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou viac ako mili\u00f3na bytov\u00fdch jednotiek bolo \u00fastredn\u00e9 vyt\u00e1panie s pr\u00edvodom teplej vody a republika bola prepojen\u00e1 preva\u017ene asfaltov\u00fdmi cestami. Naprie\u010d celou republikou sa budovali dia\u013enice, mest\u00e1 boli spr\u00edstupnen\u00e9 pre masov\u00fa dopravu a na za\u010diatku osemdesiatych rokov pripadal jeden automobil a\u017e na sedem obyvate\u013eov. V priebehu piatich rokov bolo v Prahe postaven\u00fdch a\u017e dvadsa\u0165 kilometrov metra.[21]<\/a> Medzi najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie typick\u00e9 socialistick\u00e9 panelov\u00e9 s\u00eddlisk\u00e1 patr\u00ed okrem bratislavskej Petr\u017ealky<\/em> \u010di pra\u017esk\u00e9ho Ju\u017en\u00e9ho mesta<\/em> taktie\u017e berl\u00ednsky Marzahn<\/em> alebo Halle-Neustadt<\/em>.[22]<\/a> \u010co sa t\u00fdka Bratislavy, v po\u010diatkoch \u0161t\u00e1tneho socializmu mala pribli\u017ene stop\u00e4\u0165desiat tis\u00edc obyvate\u013eov. V nasleduj\u00facom obdob\u00ed to zmenila politick\u00e1 z\u00e1kazka \u00dastredn\u00e9ho v\u00fdboru KS\u010c na v\u00fdstavbu \u0161tyridsa\u0165 tis\u00edc bytov po\u010das desa\u0165ro\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia od roku 1960, ako reakcia na re\u00e1lny pr\u00edliv \u013eud\u00ed do mesta ako pracovnej sily v novovznikaj\u00facich chemick\u00fdch a priemyseln\u00fdch z\u00e1vodoch. V prvotn\u00fdch pl\u00e1noch malo by\u0165 s\u00eddlisko Petr\u017ealka postaven\u00e9 pre pribli\u017ene sto\u0161es\u0165desiat tis\u00edc \u013eud\u00ed \u010do v danej dobe predstavovalo viac \u013eud\u00ed, ako mali napr\u00edklad cel\u00e9 Ko\u0161ice (moment\u00e1lne\u00a0 m\u00e1 Petr\u017ealka pribli\u017ene sto\u0161trn\u00e1s\u0165 tis\u00edc obyvate\u013eov).[23]<\/a> Po Ne\u017enej revol\u00facii sa po\u010det obyvate\u013eov v Bratislave vy\u0161plhal a\u017e na necel\u00fdch p\u00e4\u0165sto tis\u00edc.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V \u0161es\u0165desiatych rokoch minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia panovalo siln\u00e9 presved\u010denie, \u017ee automatiz\u00e1cia je z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm pilierom na ceste ku komunistickej spolo\u010dnosti, v ktorej fyzick\u00fa pr\u00e1cu za \u013eud\u00ed plne prevezm\u00fa stroje, modern\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie a expert\u00edzy, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00f4\u017eu vytvori\u0165 nov\u00e9ho \u010dloveka a nov\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165. V tejto utopistickej predstave mali by\u0165 \u013eudia vzdelanej\u0161\u00ed, osloboden\u00ed od fyzicky nam\u00e1havej pr\u00e1ce mali dosiahnu\u0165 pln\u00fd materi\u00e1lny blahobyt a kompletne pod\u013ea svojich predst\u00e1v meni\u0165 svet, v ktorom \u017eij\u00fa. Pod\u013ea V\u00edt\u011bzslava Sommera sa v\u0161ak u\u017e v druhej polovici sedemdesiatych rokov za\u010dala r\u00faca\u0165 predstava, \u017ee pomocou vedy a techniky bude mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvori\u0165 ide\u00e1lne politick\u00e9 a spolo\u010densk\u00e9 usporiadanie. Okrem toho sa v tomto obdob\u00ed technokratick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dnutie nedok\u00e1zalo prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 glob\u00e1lnym ekonomick\u00fdm a soci\u00e1lnym trendom, ktor\u00e9 n\u00e1sledne priniesli koniec \u00e9ry vrcholnej modernity. Posadnutos\u0165 pl\u00e1novan\u00edm a vedeckou racionalitou sa stala zdrojom absurdn\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00ed, \u013eudsk\u00fdch zlyhan\u00ed a n\u00e1strojom \u00faplnej de\u0161trukcie. Prehlbuj\u00face sa probl\u00e9my socialistick\u00e9ho usporiadania, prim\u00e1rne upadaj\u00face\u00a0 hospod\u00e1rstvo a ni\u010den\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie\u00a0 tvrdo oponovali predstav\u00e1m o vede ako nosite\u013eke pokroku.[25]<\/a> Demokratiz\u00e1ciu nahradila politika tzv. odpolitizovania, ktor\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinne um\u0155tvila novovznikaj\u00facu politick\u00fa verejnos\u0165. V normaliza\u010dnom re\u017eime, v ktorom autorit\u00e1rska vl\u00e1da oprela svoju moc nielen o sovietske tanky ale taktie\u017e o autoritu vedeck\u00e9ho poznania\u00a0 a expertn\u00fdch org\u00e1nov vy\u017eadovala aj bezpodmiene\u010dn\u00fa odpolitizovan\u00fa verejn\u00fa sf\u00e9ru. Politick\u00fa moc postaven\u00fa na \u00fadajne nespochybnite\u013en\u00fdch vedeck\u00fdch faktoch a in\u017einierskych met\u00f3dach tak m\u00f4\u017eeme bez poch\u00fdb ozna\u010di\u0165 za technokratick\u00e9 alebo k technokracii smeruj\u00face zriadenie.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napriek tomu, \u017ee technokratick\u00fd socializmus je dnes u\u017e uzavretou t\u00e9mou, technokracia sama o sebe e\u0161te nepovedala posledn\u00e9 slovo. Pod\u013ea kolekt\u00edvu autorov publik\u00e1cie \u0158\u00eddit socialismus jako firmu. Technokratick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed v \u010ceskoslovensku, 1956\u20131989<\/em> m\u00f4\u017eeme dnes sledova\u0165 dve hlavn\u00e9 podoby technokracie. V prvom pr\u00edpade sa jedn\u00e1 o technokratick\u00e9 tendencie v \u0161t\u00fdle vl\u00e1dnutia, pod\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho je hospod\u00e1rstvo nato\u013eko zlo\u017eit\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom, \u017ee sa k nemu m\u00f4\u017eu vyjadrova\u0165 len dobre vy\u0161kolen\u00ed experti. V tomto pr\u00edpade tak ekonomika a hospod\u00e1rstvo nem\u00f4\u017ee podlieha\u0165 politike, a t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom ani demokratickej kontrole. Pri tejto problematike je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 zv\u00fdrazni\u0165 ak\u00fa v\u00fdznamn\u00fa rolu hraj\u00fa v s\u00fa\u010dasnej hospod\u00e1rskej politike nik\u00fdm nevolen\u00ed a verejnosti sa nezodpovedaj\u00faci akt\u00e9ri\u00a0 ako s\u00fa napr. nadn\u00e1rodn\u00e9 korpor\u00e1cie, centr\u00e1lne banky \u010di ratingov\u00e9 agent\u00fary. Tieto fakty n\u00e1m ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee technokratick\u00e9 tendencie s\u00fa pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 aj v s\u00fa\u010dasnej liber\u00e1lnej demokracii. Druh\u00e1 podoba technokracie v dne\u0161nej dobe je technokratick\u00fd populizmus. Na ten pr\u00e1ve nar\u00e1\u017ea aj zn\u00e1me heslo \u201eriadi\u0165 \u0161t\u00e1t ako firmu\u201c, ktor\u00e9 zh\u0155\u0148a apel technokratick\u00e9ho populizmu, ktor\u00e9ho s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou je charizmatick\u00e1 osobnos\u0165 politika alebo mana\u017e\u00e9ra, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 svoje mimoriadne podnikate\u013esk\u00e9\u00a0 schopnosti vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 nezi\u0161tne v prospech celej spolo\u010dnosti.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hist\u00f3ria mestskej \u010dasti. [online], [cit. 24\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.saca.sk\/historia-mestskej-casti.html>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miroslav Gr\u00e9gr. [online], [cit. 24\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete:  <https:\/\/www.vlada.cz\/cz\/clenove-vlady\/historie-minulych-vlad\/prehled-vlad-cr\/1993-2007-cr\/milos-zeman\/miroslav-gregr-39948\/#><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obyvatelia – Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. [online], [cit. 24\/7\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete:  <https:\/\/www.scitanie.sk\/obyvatelia\/zakladne-vysledky\/pocet-obyvatelov\/OB\/SK0105529460\/OB>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SOMMER, V.; SPURN\u00dd, M; MR\u0147KA, J.: \u0158\u00eddit socialismus jako firmu : technokratick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed v \u010ceskoslovensku, 1956-1989. Praha: Praha: \u00dastav pro soudob\u00e9 d\u011bjiny AV \u010cR, 2019, 293 s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00davod\u00a0 Socializmus v \u010ceskoslovensku st\u00e1l pred \u0165a\u017ekou prek\u00e1\u017ekou, ktorou bolo h\u013eadanie\u00a0 spr\u00e1vneho pomeru medzi politickou mocou a vedeck\u00fdm poznan\u00edm najm\u00e4 v ot\u00e1zkach \u010do najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161ieho centr\u00e1lne pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva a \u00fasil\u00edm o naplnenie hlavn\u00fdch pr\u00eds\u013eubov socializmu, ktor\u00fdmi boli napr. soci\u00e1lna spravodlivos\u0165, v\u0161eobecn\u00fd blahobyt a vytvorenie \u201edokonalej\u201c beztriednej komunistickej spolo\u010dnosti.[1] Povojnov\u00e9 obdobie, ktor\u00e9 bolo v\u00fdrazne ovplyvnen\u00e9 diktat\u00farou Komunistickej […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"\nJe mo\u017en\u00e9 riadi\u0165 socializmus ako firmu? - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=565\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Je mo\u017en\u00e9 riadi\u0165 socializmus ako firmu? - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00davod\u00a0 Socializmus v \u010ceskoslovensku st\u00e1l pred \u0165a\u017ekou prek\u00e1\u017ekou, ktorou bolo h\u013eadanie\u00a0 spr\u00e1vneho pomeru medzi politickou mocou a vedeck\u00fdm poznan\u00edm najm\u00e4 v ot\u00e1zkach \u010do najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161ieho centr\u00e1lne pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva a \u00fasil\u00edm o naplnenie hlavn\u00fdch pr\u00eds\u013eubov socializmu, ktor\u00fdmi boli napr. soci\u00e1lna spravodlivos\u0165, v\u0161eobecn\u00fd blahobyt a vytvorenie \u201edokonalej\u201c beztriednej komunistickej spolo\u010dnosti.[1] Povojnov\u00e9 obdobie, ktor\u00e9 bolo v\u00fdrazne ovplyvnen\u00e9 diktat\u00farou Komunistickej […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=565\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-31T19:19:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Bc. 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