{"id":538,"date":"2023-06-30T20:26:00","date_gmt":"2023-06-30T18:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=538"},"modified":"2023-06-30T20:05:40","modified_gmt":"2023-06-30T18:05:40","slug":"sucasna-situacia-reprezentacie-zien-v-politike-lepsime-sa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=538","title":{"rendered":"S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia reprezent\u00e1cie \u017eien v politike. Lep\u0161\u00edme sa?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Od lok\u00e1lnej a\u017e po glob\u00e1lnu \u00farove\u0148, pr\u00e1va \u017eien participova\u0165 v politickej sf\u00e9re \u010di kandidova\u0165 na vy\u0161\u0161ie miesta s\u00fa zna\u010dne obmedzen\u00e9. \u017deny s\u00fa \u010dastokr\u00e1t podce\u0148ovan\u00e9 \u010di u\u017e ako l\u00edderky, \u010dlenky parlamentu, vykon\u00e1vate\u013eky \u0161t\u00e1tnej slu\u017eby alebo aj ako voli\u010dky. St\u00e1va sa to aj napriek ich preuk\u00e1zate\u013en\u00fdm siln\u00fdm schopnostiam vo vy\u0161\u0161ie zmienen\u00fdch poz\u00edci\u00e1ch \u010di aj ako osoby sna\u017eiace sa ak\u00fdmko\u013evek sp\u00f4sobom zmeni\u0165 s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu, a takisto aj napriek ich pr\u00e1vu rovnocenne participova\u0165 na demokratick\u00fdch procesoch. \u010celia prek\u00e1\u017ekam a situ\u00e1ci\u00e1m ako diskrimin\u00e1cia, sexu\u00e1lne ob\u0165a\u017eovanie, mansplaining (mu\u017e vysvet\u013euj\u00faci \u017eene nie\u010do s pou\u017eit\u00edm nadriaden\u00e9ho t\u00f3nu, ktor\u00fdm vyjadruje, \u017ee \u017eeny ni\u010d nevedia) takisto aj kapacitn\u00e9 nedostatky v in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00e1ch. Ako uv\u00e1dza rezol\u00facia Valn\u00e9ho zhroma\u017edenia OSN z roku 2011 o politickej \u00fa\u010dasti \u017eien: \u201e\u017deny v ka\u017edej \u010dasti sveta s\u00fa na\u010falej marginalizovan\u00e9 z politickej sf\u00e9ry, \u010dastokr\u00e1t ako v\u00fdsledok diskrimina\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1konov, prakt\u00edk, postojov a rodov\u00fdch stereotypov, n\u00edzkej \u00farovne vzdelania, nedostatku pr\u00edstupu k zdravotnej starostlivosti a ne\u00famern\u00fd vplyv chudoby na \u017eeny.\u201c<\/em>[1]<\/a> <\/em>Jednotlivo \u017eeny <\/em>prekonali tieto prek\u00e1\u017eky s ve\u013ek\u00fdm uznan\u00edm a \u010dasto v prospech celej spolo\u010dnosti, ale pre \u017eeny ako celok sa musia vytvori\u0165 rovnak\u00e9 dlhodob\u00e9 podmienky a treba im otv\u00e1ra\u0165 nov\u00e9 pr\u00edle\u017eitosti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politick\u00e1 nerovnos\u0165, patriarch\u00e1t, nadvl\u00e1da mu\u017eov a splnenie spolo\u010densk\u00fdch cie\u013eov. To je to, \u010do najviac \u017eeny motivuje k zmene.  Pojem feminizmus sa dlhodobo sp\u00e1ja s t\u00e9mou \u017eien, st\u00e1va sa novodob\u00fdm trendom \u010di u\u017e v m\u00e9di\u00e1ch alebo v politike, a ke\u010f\u017ee sa mu \u010dastokr\u00e1t kladie zl\u00fd v\u00fdznam, tak ho stru\u010dne ujasn\u00edme . Feminizmus je s\u00faborom hnut\u00ed a politick\u00fdch smerov usiluj\u00facich sa o zrovnopr\u00e1vnenie \u017eien v r\u00f4znych sf\u00e9rach. Pozn\u00e1me doposia\u013e tri vlny feminizmu, kde prv\u00fa vlnu ozna\u010dujeme za predhist\u00f3riu feminizmu, objavili sa tu prv\u00e9 my\u0161lienky zrovnopr\u00e1vnenia \u017eien v podobe volebn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va a takisto aj orient\u00e1cia na zrovnopr\u00e1vnenie z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Nesk\u00f4r, v 60. a\u017e 80. rokoch 20. storo\u010dia sa za\u010dalo toto hnutie zaobera\u0165 nerovnomern\u00fdm postaven\u00edm \u017eien na pracovnom trhu a v rodine, otvorila sa aj t\u00e9ma dovtedy tabuizovanej \u017eenskej sexuality a reproduk\u010dn\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. V 90. rokoch minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia a\u017e doteraz sa pr\u00fady roz\u0161tiepili, znakom tejto vlny je prekon\u00e1vanie genderov\u00fdch stereotypov, takisto aj spochyb\u0148ovanie tradi\u010dn\u00fdch rol\u00ed.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdsledkom je zna\u010dn\u00e1 diverzifik\u00e1cia pojmu, preto\u017ee by bolo vhodnej\u0161ie hovori\u0165 o viacer\u00fdch feminizmoch, ke\u010f\u017ee m\u00e1 viacer\u00e9 pr\u00fady, ktor\u00e9 \u010dastokr\u00e1t m\u00f4\u017eu \u00eds\u0165 proti sebe. Predstava, ako nerovnos\u0165 \u017eien a mu\u017eov odstr\u00e1ni\u0165, je v jednotliv\u00fdch pr\u00fadoch r\u00f4zna, a tak nem\u00f4\u017eeme radikalizova\u0165 toto hnutie a z\u00e1stancov feminizmu a h\u00e1dza\u0165 ich do jedn\u00e9ho vreca, ako sa to moment\u00e1lne zvykne. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako to s\u00fa\u010dasne so zast\u00fapen\u00edm \u017eien vyzer\u00e1? K janu\u00e1ru tohto roka sa vyskytlo 31 \u0161t\u00e1tov, v ktor\u00fdch \u017eeny zastupovali najvy\u0161\u0161ie poz\u00edcie \u010di u\u017e v \u00farade hlavy \u0161t\u00e1tu alebo  predsedu vl\u00e1dy. Pri aktu\u00e1lnych celosvetov\u00fdch \u010d\u00edslach, ktor\u00e9 spracovala Organiz\u00e1cia Spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov progn\u00f3zy nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee pohlavn\u00e1 vyrovnanos\u0165 sa na t\u00fdchto poz\u00edci\u00e1ch nedosiahne \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 130 rokov. \u010co sa t\u00fdka zast\u00fapenia \u017eien na ministersk\u00fdch postoch takisto na celom svete, tak len 22.8% \u017eien z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu ministrov zastupuje pr\u00e1ve toto miesto. Ministerky zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a zast\u00e1vaj\u00fa a presadzuj\u00fa my\u0161lienky ako rodina a deti, soci\u00e1lne zabezpe\u010denie, rodov\u00e1 rovnos\u0165 \u010di z\u00e1le\u017eitosti men\u0161\u00edn. Je ve\u013emi znepokojuj\u00face, \u017ee aj napriek zna\u010dn\u00e9mu v\u00fdznamu tohto ved\u00faceho postavenia ako je ministersk\u00fd post sa vyskytuje len tak\u00e9to mal\u00e9 percento \u017eien. \u010castokr\u00e1t maj\u00fa \u017eeny ako l\u00edderky, ministerky alebo politick\u00e9 akt\u00e9rky v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed potenci\u00e1l uspie\u0165 ako mu\u017ei. Ako jeden z pr\u00edkladov si pokojne m\u00f4\u017eeme uvies\u0165 aj kancel\u00e1rku Angelu Merkelov\u00fa, \u017eelezn\u00fa d\u00e1mu, pova\u017eovan\u00fa svojho \u010dasu za \u201el\u00edderku Eur\u00f3pskej \u00danie\u201c, ktor\u00e1 udala pr\u00edklad mnoh\u00fdm \u010fal\u0161\u00edm \u017een\u00e1m a\u0161piruj\u00facim udr\u017ea\u0165 sa \u010do najvy\u0161\u0161ie v politike, ale aj pr\u00edklad, ako to v mnoh\u00fdch krokoch naopak nerobi\u0165. \u010co sa t\u00fdka parlamentov, nie je to o ni\u010d lep\u0161ie. Na svete celkovo 26.5% \u010dlenov parlamentov \u010di u\u017e jednokomorov\u00fdch alebo dvojkomorov\u00fdch tvoria \u017eeny, av\u0161ak oproti roku 1995, kedy to bolo len 11%, sa to samozrejme v\u00fdrazne zlep\u0161ilo. Len \u0161es\u0165 \u0161t\u00e1tov m\u00e1 50% alebo viac \u017eien v parlamente a jedn\u00fdm z \u0161t\u00e1tov s\u00fa aj Spojen\u00e9 arabsk\u00e9 emir\u00e1ty. Naopak, na celom svete existuje celkovo \u201elen\u201c 22 \u0161t\u00e1tov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa menej ako 10% \u017eien v parlamente. Slovensko sa dr\u017e\u00ed viacmenej st\u00e1le v tradi\u010dn\u00fdch stereotypoch, kde po\u010det \u017eien v parlamente dosahuje nie\u010do cez 20%. Pri tak\u00fdchto v\u00fdsledkoch sa rodov\u00e1 rovnos\u0165 vo vn\u00fatro\u0161t\u00e1tnych legislat\u00edvnych org\u00e1noch nedosiahne sk\u00f4r ako v roku 2063. Nakoniec je vhodn\u00e9 spomen\u00fa\u0165 aj miestne samospr\u00e1vy, kde sa kone\u010dne dost\u00e1va k lep\u0161\u00edm \u010d\u00edslam, a to konkr\u00e9tne \u017eeny tvoriace 34% volen\u00fdch \u010dlenov v miestnych org\u00e1noch.[3]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdvoj zast\u00fapenia \u017eien v politike pomaly ale isto naberal na svetl\u00fdch obr\u00e1tkach. Ke\u010f sa pozrieme do minulosti, z dostupn\u00fdch d\u00e1t z roku 2008 zis\u0165ujeme, \u017ee l\u00edderky kraj\u00edn to nemali a\u017e tak\u00e9 ru\u017eov\u00e9, st\u00e1le sa len pomaly za\u010d\u00ednala vklada\u0165 viera do r\u00fak pr\u00e1ve \u017een\u00e1m. Z chab\u00fdch 8 \u0161t\u00e1tov sveta sme pre\u0161li a\u017e na tohtoro\u010dn\u00fdch 31 \u0161t\u00e1tov so \u017eenou na \u010dele. Postupne st\u00fapali aj \u010d\u00edsla \u017eien v parlamentoch a na postoch ministeriek. Slovensko ost\u00e1va na viacmenej rovnakej prie\u010dke ako z roku 2008, \u010do zna\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee sa ako \u0161t\u00e1t nevyv\u00edjame smerom, ktor\u00fdm by sme mo\u017eno chceli.[4]<\/a> Ukazovate\u013eom progresu obsadenia \u017eien v politike s\u00fa kv\u00f3ty. Tento n\u00e1stroj je pou\u017eit\u00fd vo vl\u00e1dach na zabezpe\u010denie dostato\u010dn\u00e9ho vyu\u017eitia hlasu \u017eien. Samozrejme, kv\u00f3ty sa stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa s nes\u00fahlasom s ich syst\u00e9mom \u010di od samotn\u00fdch \u017eien, referuj\u00facich na poskytovanie nedostato\u010dn\u00fdch pr\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed, \u010di od ob\u010danov kraj\u00edn a in\u00fdch politikov – mu\u017eov, \u2013 \u017ee kv\u00f3ty znehodnocuj\u00fa princ\u00edpy liber\u00e1lnej demokracie, alebo aj vo\u013eba kandid\u00e1ta na z\u00e1klade pohlavia, nie na z\u00e1klade sk\u00fasenost\u00ed.[5]<\/a> \u010co v\u0161ak kv\u00f3ty naozaj nap\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa, je kompenz\u00e1cia a odstra\u0148ovanie prek\u00e1\u017eok, ktor\u00e9 br\u00e1nia \u017een\u00e1m z\u00edska\u0165 ich podiel, takisto aj splnenie povinnosti pr\u00e1va, ktor\u00e9 v\u0161etk\u00fdm zabezpe\u010duje particip\u00e1ciu v ob\u010dianskej demokracii. Pr\u00edklad si m\u00f4\u017eeme zobra\u0165 z Belgicka, ktor\u00e9 ako prv\u00e9 zaviedlo kv\u00f3ty u\u017e v roku 1994 a dosahuj\u00fa 42% \u017eensk\u00e9 zast\u00fapenie, \u010di Franc\u00fazsko, ktor\u00e9 s\u00edce kv\u00f3tu 50\/50 zaviedlo, ale doposia\u013e ju st\u00e1le \u00faplne nenaplnilo. Perfektn\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom je Po\u013esko, kde boli zaveden\u00e9 kv\u00f3ty aj pre mu\u017eov, aj pre \u017eeny.[6]<\/a> Predsa len, je to o rovnosti aj mu\u017eov aj \u017eien. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dost\u00e1vame sa v\u0161ak k ot\u00e1zke, pre\u010do to tak vlastne je? Pre\u010do \u0161t\u00e1ty neprogresuj\u00fa, nerozv\u00edjaj\u00fa \u017eensk\u00fd potenci\u00e1l? M\u00e1 to nejak\u00fd psychologick\u00fd d\u00f4vod, \u010di to je \u010disto len o zachov\u00e1van\u00ed pohlavn\u00fdch stereotypov? Bohu\u017eia\u013e, aj psychologick\u00e9 h\u013eadisko m\u00e1 na to mas\u00edvny vplyv. \u017den\u00e1m sa prikladaj\u00fa ak\u00e9si pomenovania, ktor\u00e9 ohrani\u010duj\u00fa ich vn\u00edmanie voli\u010dmi. Pod\u013ea profesora Romera z Madridsk\u00e9ho in\u0161tit\u00fatu rodov\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed:  \u201enedostato\u010dn\u00e9 zast\u00fapenie \u017eien je vyjadren\u00e9 v troch dimenzi\u00e1ch: vn\u00edmanie m\u00e9di\u00ed, verejnej mienky a politiky ako takej.\u201c <\/em>\u010co sa t\u00fdka napr\u00edklad zobrazovania v m\u00e9di\u00e1ch, tak prischli \u017een\u00e1m stereotypn\u00e9 charakteristiky alebo aj takzvan\u00e9 pascov\u00e9 role, a tie s\u00fa: \u201ezvodky\u0148a, matka, maskot a \u017eelezn\u00e1 matka.\u201c<\/em>[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161etko sa to odv\u00edja od ich podce\u0148ovania v ich politickej roli na z\u00e1klade verejnej mienky a predsudkov. V\u00fdskumy ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee ich nedostato\u010dn\u00e1 docenenos\u0165 sa rozde\u013euje do kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.   Odv\u00e1\u017enos\u0165 \u2013 \u017eeny maj\u00fa \u010dastokr\u00e1t viacero pochybnost\u00ed o sebe ako osobe vo\u010di kandidovaniu do politiky, pre viacero u\u017e spomenut\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.  Selekcia kandid\u00e1ta \u2013 ke\u010f u\u017e sa rozhodn\u00fa kandidova\u0165, stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa  sa s viacer\u00fdmi prek\u00e1\u017ekami dosta\u0165 sa na kandid\u00e1tnu listinu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.  Kult\u00fara \u2013 nekontrolovate\u013en\u00fd sexizmus, politika mu\u017eov kde \u017eeny nie s\u00fa v\u00edtan\u00e9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.     Financie \u2013 pri kampani \u017eien sa \u010dastokr\u00e1t rozpr\u00e1va o men\u0161ej financovanosti<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.   Starostlivos\u0165 o die\u0165a \u2013 naprie\u010d Eur\u00f3pou \u017eeny tr\u00e1via dvakr\u00e1t viac \u010dasu na matersk\u00fdch a rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch dovolenk\u00e1ch ako mu\u017ei. [8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na z\u00e1klade t\u00fdchto kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed si m\u00f4\u017eeme uk\u00e1za\u0165 aj konkr\u00e9tnu situ\u00e1ciu zobrazenia politickej l\u00edderky v novin\u00e1ch, a to konkr\u00e9tne \u010dl\u00e1nok New York Times<\/em> z marca 2019, kedy bola zvolen\u00e1 na\u0161a teraj\u0161ia prezidentka Zuzana \u010caputov\u00e1. Nap\u00edsali o nej: \u201ePani \u010caputov\u00e1, rozveden\u00e1 matka dvoch t\u00edned\u017eersk\u00fdch diev\u010dat \u017eije v Pezinku, v malej dedine pri Bratislave. Pred jej n\u00e1stupom do politiky, Pezinok bol zn\u00e1my pre dve veci: v\u00edno a skl\u00e1dka s toxick\u00fdm odpadom.\u201c<\/em>[9]<\/a> <\/em>Op\u00e4\u0165 je vhodn\u00e9 spomen\u00fa\u0165 aj Angelu Merkelov\u00fa, ktor\u00e1 sa na verejnosti prejavovala s rozv\u00e1\u017enos\u0165ou, nezlomnos\u0165ou a jednoduchos\u0165ou, a aj napriek tomu sa v\u017edy objavilo nie\u010do, \u010do jej vytkli. V\u0161etko samozrejme \u010do sa t\u00fdka jej osobnosti alebo v\u00fdzoru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ku koncu je potrebn\u00e9 pouk\u00e1za\u0165 na v\u00e1\u017enos\u0165 tejto situ\u00e1cie t\u00fdkaj\u00facej sa \u017eien. Stereotypy bohu\u017eia\u013e e\u0161te st\u00e1le dominuj\u00fa vo svete a postupne by sme sa mali sna\u017ei\u0165 ich zmeni\u0165. Takisto z ve\u013ekej \u010dasti prevl\u00e1da aj n\u00e1lepkovanie a kategorizovanie \u017eien, ona je tak\u00e1 a tak\u00e1. Za\u010dnime zdie\u013ea\u0165 svoje my\u0161lienky a svoje pocity aby sme akt\u00edvne zabr\u00e1nili presadzovaniu spolo\u010densk\u00fdch stereotypn\u00fdch vzorov. Nepodce\u0148ujme \u017eeny na v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch postoch, ako sa hovor\u00ed nes\u00fa\u010fme knihy pod\u013ea ich obalov, pr\u00e1ve naopak, nahlas ich podporujme. Takisto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby sme z politiky prestali robi\u0165 nie\u010do, \u010do nie je, hlavne v negat\u00edvnom slova zmysle. Samozrejme, dosta\u0165 sa napr\u00edklad na kandid\u00e1tku politick\u00fdch str\u00e1n alebo kandidova\u0165 na post je tie\u017e v\u00fdzvou a z\u00e1vis\u00ed na ka\u017edej strane, ak\u00e9 kv\u00f3ty si ur\u010d\u00ed, ale treba nach\u00e1dza\u0165 \u017eeny s potenci\u00e1lom a dovoli\u0165 im vyu\u017ei\u0165 ho. Celkovo s\u00fa \u017eeny s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou tejto spolo\u010dnosti a aj politiky, tak ich mus\u00edme ako pochopi\u0165 tak aj podpori\u0165 aby prekon\u00e1vali sam\u00e9 seba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]  What UN does for women.<\/em> [online], [cit. 21\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what-we-do\/leadership-and-political-participation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Pomocn\u00fd slovn\u00edk filozofie.<\/em> [online], [cit. 21\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.akademickyrepozitar.sk\/sk\/repozitar\/pomocny-slovnik-filozofie.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Women in politics 2023<\/em> [online], [cit. 21\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/digital-library\/publications\/2023\/03\/women-in-politics-map-2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Women in politics 2008<\/em>. [online], [cit. 21\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.ipu.org\/resources\/publications\/infographics\/2016-07\/women-in-politics-2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Quotas<\/em>. [online], [cit. 21\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.idea.int\/data-tools\/data\/gender-quotas\/quotas<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Women ranking<\/em>. [online], [cit. 21\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/data.ipu.org\/women-ranking<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Rovira, C. How Are Women Politicians Treated in the Press? The Case of Spain, France and the United Kingdom.<\/em> [online], [cit. 21\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-5172\/2\/4\/43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Women in politics<\/em>. [online], [cit. 21\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.womenlobby.org\/Women-in-Politics-507?lang=en<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Zuzana Caputova as president<\/em>. [online], [cit. 21\/6\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/06\/15\/world\/europe\/zuzana-caputova-slovakia-president.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Od lok\u00e1lnej a\u017e po glob\u00e1lnu \u00farove\u0148, pr\u00e1va \u017eien participova\u0165 v politickej sf\u00e9re \u010di kandidova\u0165 na vy\u0161\u0161ie miesta s\u00fa zna\u010dne obmedzen\u00e9. \u017deny s\u00fa \u010dastokr\u00e1t podce\u0148ovan\u00e9 \u010di u\u017e ako l\u00edderky, \u010dlenky parlamentu, vykon\u00e1vate\u013eky \u0161t\u00e1tnej slu\u017eby alebo aj ako voli\u010dky. 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