{"id":503,"date":"2023-05-31T19:55:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-31T17:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503"},"modified":"2023-05-31T20:16:11","modified_gmt":"2023-05-31T18:16:11","slug":"katalanske-hnutie-za-nezavislost-v-21-storoci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503","title":{"rendered":"Katal\u00e1nske hnutie za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 v 21. storo\u010d\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Katal\u00e1nsko je auton\u00f3mne spolo\u010denstvo a historick\u00fd regi\u00f3n nach\u00e1dzaj\u00faci sa na severov\u00fdchode \u0160panielska, ktor\u00e9 sa p\u00fd\u0161i bohatou kult\u00farou, vlastn\u00fdm jazykom, hospod\u00e1rskou produktivitou, ale predov\u0161etk\u00fdm bojom za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165. V priebehu hist\u00f3rie bolo Katal\u00e1nsko s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou Arag\u00f3nskeho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva, Franc\u00fazskeho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva a stovky rokov vr\u00e1tane s\u00fa\u010dasnosti spad\u00e1 \u00fazemie Katal\u00e1nska pod \u0160panielske kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo. Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed okamih pre Katal\u00e1nsko nastal v roku 1931, ke\u010f vznikla Katal\u00e1nska republika, ktor\u00e1 v\u0161ak r\u00fdchlo zanikla. Zlomov\u00fd moment prin\u00e1\u0161a \u0161panielska ob\u010dianska vojna z rokov 1936 \u2013 1939, preto\u017ee k moci sa dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa nacionalisti na \u010dele s gener\u00e1lom Franciscom Francom a jeho centralizovan\u00fdm fa\u0161istick\u00fdm re\u017eimom, ktor\u00fd mal \u201eraz a nav\u017edy skoncova\u0165 s katal\u00e1nskym probl\u00e9mom<\/em>.\u201c[1]<\/a> Re\u017eim n\u00e1silne presadzoval my\u0161lienku jednotnej kult\u00fary a zak\u00e1zal pou\u017e\u00edvanie katal\u00e1nskeho jazyka. Toto temn\u00e9 obdobie, ktor\u00e9 trvalo 36 rokov, ale umo\u017enilo v\u00fdvin a mobiliz\u00e1ciu nacionalistick\u00fdch hnut\u00ed etnicky odli\u0161n\u00fdch regi\u00f3nov v r\u00e1mci \u0160panielska, pri\u010dom Katal\u00e1nsko nebolo v\u00fdnimkou. Katal\u00e1nsky nacionalizmus sa transformoval z prim\u00e1rne ekonomicky motivovan\u00e9ho nacionalizmu vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch tried obyvate\u013estva zo za\u010diatku 20. storo\u010dia do \u0161ir\u0161ieho \u013eudov\u00e9ho hnutia.[2]<\/a> Z tejto \u010diernej \u00e9ry pre Katal\u00e1nsko, ale aj pre ostatn\u00e9 auton\u00f3mne spolo\u010denstv\u00e1 pramen\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 dne\u0161n\u00e9ho hnutia za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165. Hoci sa Katal\u00e1nsko od sedemdesiatych rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia te\u0161\u00ed istej miere auton\u00f3mie \u2013 samospr\u00e1vy, najm\u00e4 v posledn\u00fdch rokoch sa auton\u00f3mne tendencie st\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ou t\u00e9mou, \u010doho d\u00f4kazom s\u00fa referend\u00e1 z rokov 2014 a 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za prelomov\u00fd rok, alebo sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010d novodob\u00fdch katal\u00e1nskych bojov za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 je mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eova\u0165 rok 2006, kedy doln\u00e1 komora \u0161panielskeho parlamentu hlasovala o novom auton\u00f3mnom \u0161tat\u00fate. Katal\u00e1nsko si n\u00edm roz\u0161\u00edrilo svoju auton\u00f3miu a n\u00e1sledne z\u00edskalo \u0161tat\u00fat \u201en\u00e1roda\u201c a rovnak\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 da\u0148ovej zodpovednosti ako \u0161panielska \u00fastredn\u00e1 vl\u00e1da, \u010d\u00edm stimulovalo obyvate\u013estvo k realizovaniu a\u0161pir\u00e1cie o nez\u00e1vislos\u0165.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160tat\u00fat vst\u00fapil do platnosti 9. augusta 2006 a obsahoval napr\u00edklad v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu kontrolu nad da\u0148ami a imigra\u010dnou politikou, a taktie\u017e poskytol regi\u00f3nu mo\u017enos\u0165 po\u017eiada\u0165 od obyvate\u013eov, aby sa povinne nau\u010dili katal\u00e1nsky jazyk.[4]<\/a> Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou \u010das\u0165ou \u0161tat\u00fatu v\u0161ak bolo uznanie Katal\u00e1nska a jeho obyvate\u013eov za samostatn\u00fd n\u00e1rod. Len\u017ee v roku 2010 \u0161panielsky \u00fastavn\u00fd s\u00fad modifikoval toto konkr\u00e9tne stanovisko a namiesto toho deklaroval Katal\u00e1nsko ako n\u00e1rodnos\u0165 v r\u00e1mci jedin\u00e9ho a nerozlu\u010dn\u00e9ho \u0161panielskeho n\u00e1roda. In\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky \u0161tat\u00fatu boli taktie\u017e pozmenen\u00e9, \u010do pochopite\u013ene pob\u00farilo verejnos\u0165 a hnutie za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 znova naberalo na obr\u00e1tkach.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referendum v roku 2014<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0148a 9. novembra v roku 2014 sa konalo nez\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00e9 referendum, alebo aj \u013eudov\u00e9 hlasovanie o nez\u00e1vislosti Katal\u00e1nska, ktor\u00e9 sa napriek nes\u00fahlasu centr\u00e1lnej vl\u00e1dy zrealizovalo. Pod\u013ea katal\u00e1nskej vl\u00e1dy sa na referende z\u00fa\u010dastnilo vy\u0161e 2,3 mili\u00f3na z opr\u00e1vnen\u00fdch 5,4 mili\u00f3nov voli\u010dov v 1 200 volebn\u00fdch miestnostiach, \u010do predstavuje pribli\u017ene 40 % obyvate\u013eov. Referendum pozost\u00e1valo z dvoch ot\u00e1zok a konkr\u00e9tne sa p\u00fdtalo, \u010di by Katal\u00e1nsko malo by\u0165 \u0161t\u00e1tom a ak \u00e1no, \u010di by malo by\u0165 nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm \u0161t\u00e1tom.[6] <\/a>Vtedaj\u0161\u00ed katal\u00e1nsky l\u00edder Artur Mas pova\u017eoval hlasovanie za obrovsk\u00fd \u00faspech, preto\u017ee a\u017e 80 % z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch voli\u010dov odpovedalo kladne na obidve ot\u00e1zky. Len mal\u00e9 percento voli\u010dov odpovedalo \u00e1no len v prvej, alebo ani v jednej z ot\u00e1zok. Referenda sa mohol z\u00fa\u010dastni\u0165 rezident Katal\u00e1nska s minim\u00e1lnym vekom 16 rokov, ale hlasova\u0165 mali mo\u017enos\u0165 aj cudzinci s platn\u00fdm pobytov\u00fdm preukazom dlh\u0161\u00edm ako 3 roky. \u0160ancu na vyjadrenie svojho n\u00e1zoru mali aj \u0161panielski ob\u010dania s bydliskom v zahrani\u010d\u00ed, ktor\u00fdch posledn\u00fd z\u00e1znamom v registri bydliska bolo Katal\u00e1nsko.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vtedaj\u0161\u00ed predseda \u0161panielskej vl\u00e1dy Mariano Rajoy vyhl\u00e1sil, \u017ee nikto nem\u00f4\u017ee jednostranne zbavi\u0165 cel\u00fd \u0161panielsky n\u00e1rod pr\u00e1va rozhodova\u0165 o vlastnej bud\u00facnosti. Katal\u00e1nski predstavitelia prirovnali svoju situ\u00e1ciu ku \u0160k\u00f3tsku, ktor\u00e9 v tom \u010dase tie\u017e pl\u00e1novalo referendum o nez\u00e1vislosti. \u00dastavn\u00fd s\u00fad v\u0161ak zamietol tak\u00fato formu referenda a tvrdil, \u017ee \u0161panielska \u00fastava tak\u00e9to referendum neumo\u017e\u0148uje. Rajoy n\u00e1sledne argumentoval, \u017ee referendum nebude ma\u0165 \u017eiaden pr\u00e1vny \u00fa\u010dinok pr\u00e1ve kv\u00f4li rozhodnutiu \u00fastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu. Katal\u00e1nska vl\u00e1da v\u0161ak obra\u0148ovala a argumentovala uskuto\u010dnenie referenda t\u00fdm, \u017ee p\u00f4jde o nez\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00e9 \u013eudov\u00e9 hlasovanie, ktor\u00e9 sa pova\u017euje za konzult\u00e1ciu s ob\u010danmi.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referendum v roku 2017<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V roku 2017 bolo avizovan\u00e9 uskuto\u010dnenie \u010fal\u0161ieho referenda, ktor\u00e9 ale malo ma\u0165 z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd charakter. Katal\u00e1nsky parlament sa chcel vyhn\u00fa\u0165 udalostiam z roku 2014, a tak v septembri roku 2017 schv\u00e1lil z\u00e1kon, v ktorom bola upraven\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka uskuto\u010dnenia referenda o sebaur\u010den\u00ed katal\u00e1nskeho n\u00e1roda vo vz\u0165ahu k nez\u00e1vislosti od \u0160panielska. Pod\u013ea tohto z\u00e1kona mal ma\u0165 katal\u00e1nsky \u013eud pr\u00e1vo slobodne rozhodn\u00fa\u0165 o svojom politickom \u0161tat\u00fate a parlament ako z\u00e1stupca \u013eudu mu to mal umo\u017eni\u0165. \u0160panielsky \u00fastavn\u00fd s\u00fad v\u0161ak vz\u00e1p\u00e4t\u00ed vyhl\u00e1sil tento z\u00e1kon za proti\u00fastavn\u00fd a neplatn\u00fd. Od\u00f4vodnenie vypl\u00fdva z \u00fastavy z roku 1978, v ktorej sa uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee \u0160panielsko nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 rozdeli\u0165 a referendum m\u00f4\u017ee vyhl\u00e1si\u0165 iba centr\u00e1lna vl\u00e1da v Madride, nie vl\u00e1da niektor\u00e9ho zo sedemn\u00e1stich auton\u00f3mnych spolo\u010denstiev.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napriek tomuto rozhodnutiu sa 1. okt\u00f3bra 2017 uskuto\u010dnilo referendum o nez\u00e1vislosti Katal\u00e1nska. Zmena oproti hlasovaniu pred tromi rokmi spo\u010d\u00edvala v tom, \u017ee bola polo\u017een\u00e1 len jedna ot\u00e1zka. Konkr\u00e9tne znenie ot\u00e1zky bolo nasledovn\u00e9: \u201eChcete, aby sa Katal\u00e1nsko stalo nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm \u0161t\u00e1tom vo forme republiky?\u201c<\/em> V\u00fdsledok bol jednozna\u010dn\u00fd, ke\u010f\u017ee a\u017e 90 % z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch odpovedalo \u00e1no a len zanedbate\u013en\u00fdch 7,8 % odpovedalo nie. Celkov\u00e1 \u00fa\u010das\u0165 referenda bola 43 % opr\u00e1vnen\u00fdch voli\u010dov, \u010do je takmer rovnak\u00e1 \u00fa\u010das\u0165 ako v referende z roku 2014.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referendum vzbudilo ve\u013ek\u00fa pozornos\u0165, najm\u00e4 v\u010faka \u0161panielskej pol\u00edcii, ktor\u00e1 zasahovala ve\u013emi tvrdo v snahe zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 hlasovaniu. Pod\u013ea katal\u00e1nskeho ministerstva zdravotn\u00edctva bolo po\u010das z\u00e1sahov zranen\u00fdch 893 \u013eud\u00ed. Jedn\u00fdm z d\u00f4sledkov bolo pod\u013ea katal\u00e1nskej vl\u00e1dy aj to, \u017ee sa stratilo 770 000 hlasov a bolo zatvoren\u00fdch 400 volebn\u00fdch miestnost\u00ed z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu 2 300. Katal\u00e1nski predstavitelia preto tvrdia, \u017ee volebn\u00e1 \u00fa\u010das\u0165 mohla by\u0165 v skuto\u010dnosti vy\u0161\u0161ia ako ofici\u00e1lnych 43 %. \u0160panielske ministerstvo vn\u00fatra uviedlo, \u017ee uzavret\u00fdch bolo len 92 volebn\u00fdch miestnost\u00ed. Katal\u00e1nske org\u00e1ny tie\u017e vyzvali Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu, aby zasiahla a p\u00f4sobila ako medi\u00e1tor. Eur\u00f3pska komisia sa v\u0161ak postavila na stranu \u0161panielskej \u00fastrednej vl\u00e1dy, ozna\u010dila referendum za nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 a vyzvala na dial\u00f3g medzi stranami.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carles Puigdemont, vtedaj\u0161\u00ed predseda katal\u00e1nskej vl\u00e1dy, respekt\u00edve prezident region\u00e1lnej spr\u00e1vy Generalitat de Catalunya, 10. okt\u00f3bra 2017 jednostranne vyhl\u00e1sil nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 Katal\u00e1nska, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 po\u017eiadal, aby sa n\u00e1sledky tohto vyhl\u00e1senia odlo\u017eili o nieko\u013eko t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov, s cie\u013eom vies\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie rozhovory a pok\u00fasi\u0165 sa n\u00e1js\u0165 rie\u0161enie, ktor\u00e9 by vyhovovalo v\u0161etk\u00fdm z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdm stran\u00e1m. Centr\u00e1lna vl\u00e1da po\u017eiadala Generalitat o jasn\u00e9 stanovisko, a ke\u010f\u017ee sa prezident Puigdemont jasne nevyjadril, odpove\u010fou \u0161panielskej \u00fastrednej vl\u00e1dy bolo uplatnenie \u010dl\u00e1nku 155 \u0161panielskej \u00fastavy.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod\u013ea spom\u00ednan\u00e9ho \u010dl\u00e1nku \u00fastavy, ak si niektor\u00e9 z auton\u00f3mnych spolo\u010denstiev nepln\u00ed povinnosti, ktor\u00e9 jej uklad\u00e1 \u00fastava, alebo kon\u00e1 sp\u00f4sobom, ktor\u00fd v\u00e1\u017ene ohrozuje v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 z\u00e1ujmy \u0160panielska, centr\u00e1lna vl\u00e1da m\u00f4\u017ee prija\u0165 opatrenia potrebn\u00e9 na dosiahnutie splnenia povinnost\u00ed, alebo na ochranu z\u00e1ujmov \u0160panielska. Na vykonanie t\u00fdchto opatren\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee \u00fastredn\u00e1 vl\u00e1da vyda\u0165 priame pokyny z\u00e1stupcom auton\u00f3mnych spolo\u010denstiev.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V r\u00e1mci procesu uplat\u0148ovania \u010dl\u00e1nku 155 Mariano Rajoy ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee boli schv\u00e1len\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 dekr\u00e9ty, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa konkr\u00e9tne kroky na rie\u0161enie situ\u00e1cie po nez\u00e1konnom referende a jednostrannom vyhl\u00e1sen\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti Katal\u00e1nska. Dekr\u00e9ty sa t\u00fdkali najm\u00e4 odvolania vrcholn\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov katal\u00e1nskej vl\u00e1dy, prevzatia pr\u00e1vomoc\u00ed prezidenta a \u010dlenov katal\u00e1nskej vl\u00e1dy pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi ministerstvami \u00fastrednej vl\u00e1dy.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O p\u00e1r t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov nesk\u00f4r bol na Carlesa Puigdemonta a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch katal\u00e1nskych politikov vydan\u00fd zatyka\u010d v s\u00favislosti so sporn\u00fdm referendom o nez\u00e1vislosti. Puigdemont na zadr\u017eanie reagoval \u00fatekom do Bruselu, \u010do viedlo k vydaniu eur\u00f3pskeho zatyka\u010da. Nakoniec sa v okt\u00f3bri 2019 Puigdemont s\u00e1m prihl\u00e1sil belgick\u00fdm justi\u010dn\u00fdm org\u00e1nom. Vo svojom vyhl\u00e1sen\u00ed odmietol zatyka\u010d a ak\u00fdko\u013evek pokus o jeho n\u00e1vrat do \u0160panielska, kde by \u010delil s\u00fadu. V j\u00fani 2021 udelil \u0161panielsky premi\u00e9r Pedro S\u00e1nchez milos\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdm katal\u00e1nskym l\u00eddrom vr\u00e1tane b\u00fdval\u00e9ho prezidenta Puigdemonta.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm politick\u00fdm d\u00f4sledkom bolo \u0161\u00edrenie negat\u00edvneho obrazu \u0160panielska nielen na jeho \u00fazem\u00ed, ale aj za jeho hranicami. Vyn\u00e1rali sa ot\u00e1zky, pre\u010do \u0161panielske org\u00e1ny a pol\u00edcia nedok\u00e1zali zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 samotn\u00e9mu konaniu referenda a otvoreniu volebn\u00fdch miestnost\u00ed, ke\u010f bolo pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za nez\u00e1konn\u00e9. Ot\u00e1zna bola aj primeranos\u0165 policajn\u00fdch z\u00e1sahov, ktor\u00e9 vyvolali ve\u013ek\u00e9 em\u00f3cie aj v zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00e1ch. Situ\u00e1cia bola nato\u013eko v\u00e1\u017ena, \u017ee kr\u00e1\u013e Filip VI. vyst\u00fapil s prejavom, v ktorom ods\u00fadil konanie katal\u00e1nskeho Generalitatu a vyzval v\u0161etk\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov na dodr\u017eiavanie z\u00e1konov a pokojn\u00e9 spoluna\u017e\u00edvanie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu m\u00f4\u017eeme pova\u017eova\u0165 za pomerne pokojn\u00fa, kde\u017eto pred vy\u0161e piatimi rokmi by to po spornom referende predpokladal asi m\u00e1lokto. Policajn\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy pomohli zmedializova\u0165 referendum a na kr\u00e1tku dobu sa zrak \u013eud\u00ed z r\u00f4znych k\u00fatov sveta s\u00fastredil na dianie v Katal\u00e1nsku, ktor\u00e9 si do\u017eadovalo uznanie referenda. To s\u00edce nepri\u0161lo, ale pomohlo to vyvola\u0165 diskusiu, ktor\u00e1 nedospela k jasn\u00e9mu z\u00e1veru. Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania nie je jednotn\u00e1 v ot\u00e1zke nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho Katal\u00e1nska, nemal\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 Katal\u00e1ncov si taktie\u017e nepraje odtrhnutie sa Katal\u00e1nska, tak\u017ee jedin\u00fd, kto je v tomto smere konzistentn\u00fd je samotn\u00e9 \u0160panielsko, ktor\u00e9 si naplno uvedomuje ak\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00e1 strata by v podobe secesie Katal\u00e1nska vznikla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Posledn\u00e9 roky spojen\u00e9 s pand\u00e9miou koronav\u00edrusu, prebiehaj\u00facou vojnou na Ukrajine a infla\u010dnou kr\u00edzou, ale ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee obyvatelia maj\u00fa moment\u00e1lne in\u00e9 priority, \u010do odzrkad\u013euje aj posledn\u00fd prieskum verejnej mienky. Z prieskumu m\u00f4\u017eeme vy\u010d\u00edta\u0165, \u017ee u\u017e len pribli\u017ene 40 % ob\u010danov podporuje nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 Katal\u00e1nska, \u010do je prepad o takmer 10 % v porovnan\u00ed s rokom 2017.[15] <\/a>Hist\u00f3ria n\u00e1m v\u0161ak neraz ukazuje, \u017ee sa vyskytuj\u00fa peri\u00f3dy, v ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa spolo\u010densk\u00e9 n\u00e1lady a atmosf\u00e9ra mimoriadne vyp\u00e4t\u00e9, \u010do zvy\u010dajne vy\u00fas\u0165uje v ist\u00fa formu reb\u00e9lie alebo povstania. Preto je len ot\u00e1zkou \u010dasu, kedy sa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 zmobilizuje a podnikne nie\u010do podobn\u00e9 ako v roku 2017, kedy zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 obyvate\u013estva Katal\u00e1nska volala po nez\u00e1vislosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ANDERSON, P.: Recognition and Political Accommodation of National Minorities: The Case of Catalonia. [online], [cit. 28. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/7163072\/Recognition_and_Political_Accommodation_of_National_Minorities_The_case_of_Catalonia>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BALCELLS, A.: Breve Historia del Nacionalismo Catal\u00e1n. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2004, s. 218-226, ISBN 9788420656434.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CRUZ, M.: Rajoy cesa a todo el Govern y convoca elecciones catalanas el 21 de diciembre. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.elmundo.es\/espana\/2017\/10\/27\/59f33d27e5fdeac54b8b4647.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DEARDEN, L.: The EU Commission just said the Catalan referendum was illegal. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/europe\/catalan-independence-referendum-not-legal-spanish-constitution-european-commission-juncker-spain-law-a7978386.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Generalitat de Catalunya, T\u00edtulo preliminar (art\u00edculos 1-14). [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <http:\/\/web.gencat.cat\/es\/generalitat\/estatut\/estatut2006\/titol_preliminar>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HEDGECOE, G.: Catalan exile Puigdemont freed by Italian court. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-58674176>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KASSAM, A.: Catalans vote in symbolic referendum on independence in defiance of Madrid. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/nov\/09\/catalans-vote-symbolic-referendum-independence-catalonia-madrid>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LILJAS, P.: Spain Says Catalonia Can\u2019t Vote for Independence, But Catalans Will Go Ahead Anyway. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/time.com\/38137\/catalonia-independence-referendum-ruled-unconstitutional-spain\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00c9REZ, F.; R\u00cdOS, P.: 1,8 millones de personas votan por la independencia catalana en el 9-N. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/elpais.com\/politica\/2014\/11\/09\/actualidad\/1415542400_466311.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PERICAY, G.: The Spanish Constitutional Court shortens the current Catalan Statute of Autonomy. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.catalannews.com\/politics\/item\/the-spanish-constitutional-court-shortens-the-current-catalan-statute-of-autonomy>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PONCE, L.: Rajoy anuncia el requerimiento a la Generalitat previo a la aplicaci\u00f3n del art\u00edculo 155. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.eldiario.es\/politica\/rajoy_1_3142853.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SENDRA, F.: \u00bfQu\u00e9 es el refer\u00e9ndum de independencia de Catalunya? Fecha y 5 claves. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.elperiodico.com\/es\/politica\/20171001\/que-es-referendum-independencia-cataluna-2017-6270220>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SOARES, I.: Catalonia referendum result plunges Spain into political crisis. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2017\/10\/01\/europe\/catalonia-spain-independence-referendum-result\/index.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TASR: Chronol\u00f3gia udalost\u00ed v s\u00favislosti s vyhl\u00e1sen\u00edm nez\u00e1vislosti Katal\u00e1nska. [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.teraz.sk\/zahranicie\/vyberova-chronologia-udalosti-v-suv\/288972-clanok.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TURNER, B.: Catalan independence: Five years on from referendum, is there any hope for separatists? [online], [cit. 29. 12. 2022]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/my-europe\/2022\/10\/01\/catalonia-independence-is-there-any-hope-for-separatists-five-years-after-failed-referendu<\/a>>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Katal\u00e1nsko je auton\u00f3mne spolo\u010denstvo a historick\u00fd regi\u00f3n nach\u00e1dzaj\u00faci sa na severov\u00fdchode \u0160panielska, ktor\u00e9 sa p\u00fd\u0161i bohatou kult\u00farou, vlastn\u00fdm jazykom, hospod\u00e1rskou produktivitou, ale predov\u0161etk\u00fdm bojom za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165. V priebehu hist\u00f3rie bolo Katal\u00e1nsko s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou Arag\u00f3nskeho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva, Franc\u00fazskeho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva a stovky rokov vr\u00e1tane s\u00fa\u010dasnosti spad\u00e1 \u00fazemie Katal\u00e1nska pod \u0160panielske kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo. Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed okamih pre Katal\u00e1nsko nastal v roku 1931, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-503","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"\nKatal\u00e1nske hnutie za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 v 21. storo\u010d\u00ed - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Katal\u00e1nske hnutie za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 v 21. storo\u010d\u00ed - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Katal\u00e1nsko je auton\u00f3mne spolo\u010denstvo a historick\u00fd regi\u00f3n nach\u00e1dzaj\u00faci sa na severov\u00fdchode \u0160panielska, ktor\u00e9 sa p\u00fd\u0161i bohatou kult\u00farou, vlastn\u00fdm jazykom, hospod\u00e1rskou produktivitou, ale predov\u0161etk\u00fdm bojom za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165. 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Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed okamih pre Katal\u00e1nsko nastal v roku 1931, […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503","og_site_name":"RE:PUB","article_published_time":"2023-05-31T17:55:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-05-31T18:16:11+00:00","author":"Daniel Cieslar","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Autor":"Daniel Cieslar","Predpokladan\u00fd \u010das \u010d\u00edtania":"10 min\u00fat"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503"},"author":{"name":"Daniel Cieslar","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#\/schema\/person\/46d30b46be6231db8b3fc21cb9549195"},"headline":"Katal\u00e1nske hnutie za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 v 21. storo\u010d\u00ed","datePublished":"2023-05-31T17:55:00+00:00","dateModified":"2023-05-31T18:16:11+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503"},"wordCount":2353,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#organization"},"articleSection":["ANAL\u00ddZY"],"inLanguage":"sk-SK","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503","url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503","name":"Katal\u00e1nske hnutie za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 v 21. storo\u010d\u00ed - RE:PUB","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-05-31T17:55:00+00:00","dateModified":"2023-05-31T18:16:11+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"sk-SK","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=503#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Katal\u00e1nske hnutie za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 v 21. storo\u010d\u00ed"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/","name":"RE:PUB","description":"\u0161tudentsk\u00fd \u010dasopis","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"sk-SK"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#organization","name":"RE:PUB","url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sk-SK","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/repub-logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/repub-logo.png","width":427,"height":426,"caption":"RE:PUB"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#\/schema\/person\/46d30b46be6231db8b3fc21cb9549195","name":"Daniel Cieslar","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sk-SK","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f27e938d77b734614ca26b17d3797ed1b0577379b4fbf577534f7cef77e55ac1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f27e938d77b734614ca26b17d3797ed1b0577379b4fbf577534f7cef77e55ac1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Daniel Cieslar"},"url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?author=17"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/503","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=503"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/503\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":521,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/503\/revisions\/521"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=503"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=503"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=503"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}