{"id":464,"date":"2023-04-30T19:16:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-30T17:16:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=464"},"modified":"2023-04-30T17:38:21","modified_gmt":"2023-04-30T15:38:21","slug":"vyvoz-ukrajinskych-obilnin-pocas-ruskej-invazie-na-ukrajine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=464","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdvoz ukrajinsk\u00fdch obiln\u00edn po\u010das ruskej inv\u00e1zie na Ukrajine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Rusko aj Ukrajina patria medzi najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdvozcov obiln\u00edn a hnojiva, preto m\u00e1 s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 vojna na Ukrajine celosvetov\u00fd dopad najm\u00e4 na potravinov\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165. Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm sa t\u00fdka mno\u017estva rozvojov\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov v \u00c1zii a Afrike, ktor\u00e9 dov\u00e1\u017eali zna\u010dn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 obiln\u00edn pr\u00e1ve z Ukrajiny. V \u010dl\u00e1nku sa venujeme \u010dasov\u00e9mu obdobiu od za\u010diatku ruskej inv\u00e1zie (24. febru\u00e1ra 2022) do apr\u00edla 2023, pri\u010dom popisujeme postavenie Ukrajiny na svetovom trhu s obilninami pred ruskou inv\u00e1ziou a venujeme sa bezprostredn\u00fdm d\u00f4sledkom ruskej inv\u00e1zie na mo\u017enosti Ukrajiny produkova\u0165 a exportova\u0165 obilniny. V druhej \u010dasti textu sa zameriavame na zmluvu s n\u00e1zvom <em>Black sea grain initiative <\/em>medzi Ukrajinou, Ruskom a Tureckom o vytvoren\u00ed morsk\u00e9ho koridoru pre v\u00fdvoz obiln\u00edn z Ukrajiny a zoh\u013ead\u0148ujeme udalosti, ktor\u00e9 viedli k jej podp\u00edsaniu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V roku 2020 tvoril v\u00fdvoz po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych produktov a\u017e 41% celkov\u00e9ho exportu Ukrajiny. V po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskom sektore je zamestnan\u00fdch a\u017e 14% obyvate\u013estva.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fas.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-04\/Ukraine-Factsheet-April2022.pdf\">[1]<\/a> Pre lep\u0161ie pochopenie celosvetov\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu ukrajinsk\u00fdch exportov obiln\u00edn je vhodn\u00e9 uvies\u0165 konkr\u00e9tne \u010d\u00edsla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ukrajina je:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvozcom slne\u010dnicov\u00e9ho oleja \u2013 46% podiel svetov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvozu;<\/li><li>tret\u00edm najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvozcom repky olejnej \u2013 20% podiel svetov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvozu;<\/li><li>tret\u00edm najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvozcom ja\u010dme\u0148a \u2013 17% podiel svetov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvozu;<\/li><li>\u0161tvrt\u00fdm najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvozcom kukurice \u2013 12% podiel svetov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvozu;<\/li><li>piatym najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvozcom p\u0161enice \u2013 9% podiel svetov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvozu.<a href=\"http:\/\/d-exports-by-the-numbers\">[2]<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"904\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image.png 904w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-600x283.png 600w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-768x362.png 768w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-2x1.png 2w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mapa \u0161t\u00e1tov dov\u00e1\u017eaj\u00facich ukrajinsk\u00fa p\u0161enicu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/how-to-contain-the-cascading-impacts-of-war-in-europe-s-breadbasket\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/how-to-contain-the-cascading-impacts-of-war-in-europe-s-breadbasket<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na mape m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165, \u017ee ukrajinsk\u00e1 p\u0161enica sa vyv\u00e1\u017ea najviac do \u0161t\u00e1tov Afriky, Stredn\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu a juhov\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"906\" src=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-2.png 880w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-2-600x618.png 600w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-2-291x300.png 291w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-2-768x791.png 768w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-2-1x1.png 1w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Graf zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00faci cie\u013eov\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty pre v\u00fdvoz ukrajinskej p\u0161enice<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: <a href=\"https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/country\/ukr?yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow1\">https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/country\/ukr?yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow1<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdpadky produkcie a blok\u00e1da ukrajinsk\u00fdch pr\u00edstavov znemo\u017e\u0148uj\u00faca v\u00fdvoz obiln\u00edn m\u00e1 celosvetov\u00fd dopad, najm\u00e4 pre rozvojov\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty, kde je ohrozen\u00e1 potravinov\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165. Aj napriek tomu, \u017ee sa o Ukrajine hovor\u00ed ako o obilnici Eur\u00f3py, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina jej v\u00fdvozu p\u0161enice smeruje do \u00c1zie (59%) a do Afriky (36%), zatia\u013e \u010do do \u0161t\u00e1tov Eur\u00f3py smeruje len zhruba 5% ukrajinskej p\u0161enice.<a href=\"https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/country\/ukr?yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow0\">[3]<\/a> Viacer\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty dov\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa zna\u010dn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 p\u0161enice pr\u00e1ve z Ukrajiny, napr\u00edklad Egypt dov\u00e1\u017ea 23% svojej p\u0161enice z tohto v\u00fdchodoeur\u00f3pskeho \u0161t\u00e1tu.<a href=\"https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/bilateral-product\/wheat\/reporter\/egy\">[4]<\/a> Extr\u00e9mnym pr\u00edkladom je Libanon, ktor\u00fd pod\u013ea \u00fadajov svetov\u00e9ho ekonomick\u00e9ho f\u00f3ra dov\u00e1\u017ea a\u017e 80% svojej p\u0161enice z Ukrajiny. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/how-to-contain-the-cascading-impacts-of-war-in-europe-s-breadbasket\">[5]<\/a> Blok\u00e1da ukrajinsk\u00fdch pr\u00edstavov sp\u00f4sobila probl\u00e9m aj pre <em>Svetov\u00fd potravinov\u00fd program<\/em>, ktor\u00fd odoberal a\u017e 40% p\u0161enice pr\u00e1ve z Ukrajiny.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/forty-percent-world-food-programs-wheat-supplies-come-ukraine\">[6]<\/a> Zastavenie takmer polovice dod\u00e1vok p\u0161enice <em>Svetov\u00e9ho potravinov\u00e9ho programu<\/em> \u010falej preh\u013abilo kr\u00edzu v \u0161t\u00e1toch ako Jemen, Ju\u017en\u00fd Sud\u00e1n, Eti\u00f3pia \u010di Som\u00e1lsko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"904\" height=\"592\" src=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-1.png 904w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-1-600x393.png 600w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-1-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-1-768x503.png 768w, https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-1-2x1.png 2w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdvoj ceny p\u0161enice v roku 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/2534\/wheat-prices-historical-chart-data\">https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/2534\/wheat-prices-historical-chart-data<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aj ke\u010f sa mnoh\u00fdm \u0161t\u00e1tom dar\u00ed h\u013eada\u0165 alternat\u00edvy a dov\u00e1\u017ea\u0165 p\u0161enicu \u010di \u010fal\u0161ie obilniny z in\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, v\u00fdpadok ukrajinsk\u00fdch obiln\u00edn mal za n\u00e1sledok vy\u0161\u0161ie ceny obiln\u00edn na trhoch. Ako m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165 v grafe vy\u0161\u0161ie, cena p\u0161enice de\u0148 po inv\u00e1zii v\u00fdrazne st\u00fapla a\u017e na 13 $ za bu\u0161el (mern\u00e1 jednotka pre obilniny na burze, 1 bu\u0161el = 27,216 kg p\u0161enice).<a href=\"https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/2534\/wheat-prices-historical-chart-data\">[7]<\/a> To malo za n\u00e1sledok n\u00e1rast ceny p\u0161enice a produktov z nej vyroben\u00fdch. Aj ke\u010f zakr\u00e1tko cena p\u0161enice o nie\u010do klesla, st\u00e1le sa a\u017e do j\u00fana dr\u017eala pomerne vysoko. Z tejto situ\u00e1cie profituje Rusko, ktor\u00e9 je najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm svetov\u00fdm v\u00fdvozcom p\u0161enice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rast\u00faca cena obiln\u00edn najviac zasiahla obyvate\u013estvo rozvojov\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, ktor\u00e9 za potraviny d\u00e1vaj\u00fa najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu \u010das\u0165 pr\u00edjmu. Je potrebn\u00e9 spomen\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee potravinov\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 v mnoh\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch bola u\u017e pred vojnou na Ukrajine ohrozen\u00e1 po\u010das pand\u00e9mie COVID-19, \u010di suchom alebo extr\u00e9mnymi v\u00fdkyvmi po\u010dasia v d\u00f4sledku klimatickej zmeny. Situ\u00e1ciu zhor\u0161il aj fakt, \u017ee Rusko, najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed svetov\u00fd v\u00fdvozca hnoj\u00edv s 13% podielom svetov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvozu, tento rok v\u00fdrazne obmedzilo v\u00fdvoz hnoj\u00edv.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/ukraine-crisis-russia-fertilisers-idUSKBN2NH1G4\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina ukrajinskej p\u0161enice a obiln\u00edn sa z krajiny vyv\u00e1\u017eala cez ukrajinsk\u00e9 pr\u00edstavy na pobre\u017e\u00ed \u010cierneho mora. Kr\u00e1tko po za\u010diatku vojny sa v\u0161ak niektor\u00e9 z nich ocitli v bojovej z\u00f3ne a ostatn\u00e9 boli zam\u00ednovan\u00e9 a blokovan\u00e9 rusk\u00fdm n\u00e1morn\u00edctvom. Vojna mala za n\u00e1sledok \u00fapln\u00e9 zastavenie v\u00fdvozu ukrajinsk\u00fdch obiln\u00edn cez \u010cierne more.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mines-port-damage-threaten-revival-of-sea-route-for-ukraine-grain-11656754200\">[9]<\/a> Aj ke\u010f sa ako rie\u0161enie&nbsp; zva\u017eovali alternat\u00edvne sp\u00f4soby v\u00fdvozu obiln\u00edn, napr\u00edklad \u017eelezni\u010dnou dopravou cez \u0161t\u00e1ty na z\u00e1pad od Ukrajiny, t\u00e1to cesta by bola len do\u010dasn\u00fdm rie\u0161en\u00edm a kapacitne by nedok\u00e1zala nahradi\u0165 n\u00e1morn\u00fa dopravu. Nehovoriac o zni\u010denej cestnej a \u017eelezni\u010dnej infra\u0161trukt\u00fare potrebnej na prepravu obiln\u00edn do pr\u00edstavov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rusko je taktie\u017e obvi\u0148ovan\u00e9 z toho, \u017ee z okupovan\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed vyv\u00e1\u017ea obilie na vlastn\u00e9 \u00fazemie, kde ho mie\u0161a s rusk\u00fdm obil\u00edm a n\u00e1sledne exportuje do sveta. Potvrdzuj\u00fa to nielen farm\u00e1ri \u017eij\u00faci na okupovan\u00fdch \u00fazemiach, ale nasved\u010duje tomu aj ve\u013ek\u00fd n\u00e1rast v\u00fdvozu obiln\u00edn z rusk\u00fdch pr\u00edstavov v \u010ciernom mori, ako aj satelitn\u00e9 sn\u00edmky. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2022-russian-stolen-grains\/\">10<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/[11] Tracking where Russia is taking Ukraine's stolen grain&nbsp; [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/61790625>.&#8220;>11<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/jul\/05\/ukraine-russia-turkey-ship-grain-stolen\">12<\/a>] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vojna ohrozila mo\u017enosti Ukrajiny obilniny nielen vyv\u00e1\u017ea\u0165, ale aj produkova\u0165. Rusk\u00e9 rakety \u010dasto dopadaj\u00fa na polia, \u010do m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok rozsiahle po\u017eiare a \u0161kody na \u00farode. Zni\u010den\u00e9 je mno\u017estvo s\u00edl, sklad\u00edsk a techniky. Taktie\u017e, nevybuchnut\u00e1 mun\u00edcia na poliach predstavuje nebezpe\u010denstvo aj do bud\u00facnosti.<a href=\"http:\/\/[13] \u2018They\u2019re burning our crops on purpose\u2019: Ukraine says Russia deliberately torching grain fields &nbsp; [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/europe\/20220720-they-re-burning-our-crops-on-purpose-ukraine-says-russia-deliberately-torching-grain-fields>.&#8220;>[13]<\/a> Samotn\u00e1 produkcia p\u0161enice na Ukrajine klesla oproti roku 2021 o 36%, rozloha obr\u00e1banej p\u00f4dy klesla 28%. <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/psdonline\/circulars\/production.pdf\">[14]<\/a> V\u0161etky tieto faktory ohrozuj\u00fa bud\u00facu schopnos\u0165 Ukrajiny produkova\u0165 obilniny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rusk\u00e1 inv\u00e1zia prirodzene mala vplyv aj na sejbu. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina ukrajinskej p\u0161enice za minul\u00fd rok bola zasiata e\u0161te pred vojnou.<a href=\"https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/psdonline\/circulars\/production.pdf\">[15]<\/a> Okrem t\u00fdchto faktorov ukrajinsk\u00fdch farm\u00e1rov su\u017euje aj neistota spojen\u00e1 s n\u00edzkou cenou za ukrajinsk\u00fa p\u0161enicu a vysok\u00e9 ceny hnoj\u00edv. Oba aspekty maj\u00fa za n\u00e1sledok to, \u017ee bolo zasiatej omnoho menej p\u0161enice, s pou\u017eit\u00edm men\u0161ieho mno\u017estva hnoj\u00edv. V\u00fdsledkom bude men\u0161ia \u00faroda pravdepodobne ni\u017e\u0161ej kvality. V\u0161etky spomenut\u00e9 faktory a samozrejme aj fakt, \u017ee Rusko okupuje zna\u010dn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 ukrajinsk\u00e9ho \u00fazemia mali za n\u00e1sledok, \u017ee celkov\u00e1 plocha, na ktor\u00fa bola vysaden\u00e1 p\u0161enica po\u010das vojny, je iba 3,6 mili\u00f3nov hekt\u00e1rov. V porovnan\u00ed s predo\u0161l\u00fdm rokom, kedy i\u0161lo o \u00fazemie 6,1 mili\u00f3na hekt\u00e1rov, ide o pokles a\u017e 41%.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/ukraines-sparse-wheat-plantings-sow-further-trouble-global-food-security-2022-11-15\/\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Black sea grain initiative <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Koncom apr\u00edla 2022, gener\u00e1lny tajomn\u00edk OSN Ant\u00f3nio Guterres uskuto\u010dnil s\u00e9riu n\u00e1v\u0161tev a rokovan\u00ed s tureck\u00fdm prezidentom Erdoganom, rusk\u00fdm prezidentom Putinom a ukrajinsk\u00fdm prezidentom Zelensk\u00fdm.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/black-sea-grain-initiative\">[17]<\/a> Po\u010das t\u00fdchto stretnut\u00ed sa postupne za\u010dalo \u010drta\u0165 rie\u0161enie vzniknutej situ\u00e1cie a sp\u00f4sob ako umo\u017eni\u0165 v\u00fdvoz ukrajinsk\u00fdch obiln\u00edn cez \u010cierne more. V j\u00fani 2022 sa v Turecku stretli ministri obrany Ruska a Turecka po\u010das rokovania diskutovali o mo\u017enosti otvorenia koridoru z ukrajinsk\u00fdch pr\u00edstavov pre v\u00fdvoz obiln\u00edn.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/6\/7\/russia-turkey-discuss-grain-exports-corridor-from-ukraine\">[18]<\/a> Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa v j\u00fani uskuto\u010dnilo stretnutie prezidenta Putina s predsedom <em>Africkej \u00fanie<\/em> Mackym Sallom. Predmetom stretnutia malo by\u0165 uvo\u013enenie blok\u00e1dy ukrajinsk\u00fdch pr\u00edstavov a rie\u0161enie potravinovej bezpe\u010dnosti africk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov.<a href=\"http:\/\/[19] African Union leader Macky Sall to meet Putin on Friday to \u2018free cereal stocks\u2019[online], [10\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/african-union-leader-macky-sall-meet-putin-friday-free-cereal-stocks\/>.&#8220;>[19]<\/a> Rusko sa sna\u017eilo za vzniknut\u00fa potravin\u00e1rsku kr\u00edzu vini\u0165 sankcie uvalen\u00e9 zo strany E\u00da, tie v\u0161ak nie s\u00fa uvalen\u00e9 na v\u00fdvoz potrav\u00edn, po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych produktov a hnoj\u00edv. Jedin\u00e1 kateg\u00f3ria potrav\u00edn, na ktor\u00fa s\u00fa uvalen\u00e9 sankcie, s\u00fa morsk\u00e9 plody.<a href=\"https:\/\/eu-solidarity-ukraine.ec.europa.eu\/eu-sanctions-against-russia-following-invasion-ukraine_en\">[20]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Za\u010diatkom j\u00fala rusk\u00fd minister zahrani\u010dia, na tla\u010dovej konferencii v Ankare povedal, \u017ee Ukrajina kladie prek\u00e1\u017eky vo v\u00fdvoze obiln\u00edn cez \u010cierne more t\u00fdm, \u017ee zam\u00ednovala svoje pr\u00edstavy. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 dodal, \u017ee po odm\u00ednovan\u00ed ukrajinsk\u00fdch pr\u00edstavov je Rusko pripraven\u00e9 spolupracova\u0165.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/lavrov-says-onus-is-ukraine-de-mine-ports-allow-grain-shipments-2022-06-08\/\">[21]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdsledkom rokovan\u00ed bolo podp\u00edsanie <em>Iniciat\u00edvy za bezpe\u010dn\u00fa prepravu obilia a potrav\u00edn z ukrajinsk\u00fdch pr\u00edstavov<\/em> d\u0148a 22. j\u00fala 2022. Na z\u00e1klade zmluvy sa Rusko, Ukrajina a Turecko zaviazali zriadi\u0165 bezpe\u010dn\u00fd koridor pre lode prev\u00e1\u017eaj\u00face potraviny, po\u013enohospod\u00e1rske produkty a hnojivo z ukrajinsk\u00fdch pr\u00edstavov. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 bolo zriaden\u00e9 kontroln\u00e9 stanovi\u0161te v Turecku, kde bud\u00fa t\u00fdmi zlo\u017een\u00e9 z person\u00e1lu z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch str\u00e1n kontrolova\u0165 lode plaviace sa do\/z ukrajinsk\u00fdch pr\u00edstavov, \u010di neprev\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa nedovolen\u00fd n\u00e1klad alebo person\u00e1l. Zmluva bola podp\u00edsan\u00e1 na obdobie 120 dn\u00ed.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sites\/un2.un.org\/files\/black_sea_grain_initiative_full_text.pdf\">[22]<\/a> Kr\u00e1tko po jej podp\u00edsan\u00ed Rusko odp\u00e1lilo \u0161tyri rakety na Odesu, dve z nich dopadli do pr\u00edstavu.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/jul\/23\/russia-fires-missiles-odesa-port-hours-after-grain-export-deal\">[23]<\/a> Tento \u00fatok vyvolal pochybnosti o tom, \u010di Rusko bude bra\u0165 dohodu v\u00e1\u017ene a \u010di sa koridor pre v\u00fdvoz ukrajinsk\u00fdch obiln\u00edn skuto\u010dne zrealizuje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Napriek \u00fatoku sa v\u0161ak Ukrajina pripravila na obnovu v\u00fdvozu obiln\u00edn. Prv\u00e1 lo\u010f s n\u00e1zvom <em>Razoni<\/em> vypl\u00e1vala z Odesy s n\u00e1kladom 26 000 ton kukurice. Po kontrole v Istanbule smerovala do Libanonu.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/8\/1\/first-grain-ship-leaves-ukraine-what-where-and-why-this-matters\">[24]<\/a> Morsk\u00fd koridor fungoval bez v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9mov, aj napriek tomu, \u017ee sa Rusko viackr\u00e1t vyhr\u00e1\u017ealo odst\u00fapen\u00edm od dohody. Konkr\u00e9tne po ukrajinskom \u00fatoku dronmi na rusk\u00fa flotilu zakotven\u00fa v Sevastopole.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-61759692\">[25]<\/a> Nakoniec v\u0161etky z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00e9 strany v novembri \u2013 kr\u00e1tko pred vypr\u0161an\u00edm platnosti dohody \u2013 s\u00fahlasili s jej pred\u013a\u017een\u00edm o \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 120 dn\u00ed.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/11\/17\/ukraine-grain-export-deal-extended-for-four-months\">[26]<\/a> Pod\u013ea \u00fadajov ukrajinsk\u00e9ho ministerstva po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva za mesiac okt\u00f3ber Ukrajina vyviezla porovnate\u013en\u00e9 mno\u017estvo obiln\u00edn ako pred vojnou.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/europe\/ukraine-oct-grain-exports-almost-return-pre-war-levels-ministry-2022-10-17\/\">[27]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kr\u00e1tko pred vypr\u0161an\u00edm dohody bola jej platnos\u0165 v marci 2023 op\u00e4tovne pred\u013a\u017een\u00e1. Tentokr\u00e1t v\u0161ak u\u017e iba o 60 dn\u00ed, Rusko toti\u017e podmienilo pred\u013a\u017eenie zmluvy po m\u00e1ji 2023 zru\u0161en\u00edm niektor\u00fdch sankci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 br\u00e1nia vo v\u00fdvoze rusk\u00fdch obiln\u00edn a hnoj\u00edv. Aj ke\u010f na tieto komodity nie s\u00fa uvalen\u00e9 sankcie, Rusko tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ich v\u00fdvoz obmedzuj\u00fa sankcie v oblasti bankovn\u00edctva, pois\u0165ovn\u00edctva, \u010di dopravy.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/black-sea-grain-deal-extended-turkey-ukraine-say-2023-03-18\/\">[28]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aj napriek po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9mu skepticizmu a pochyb\u00e1ch o tom, \u010di Rusk\u00e1 feder\u00e1cia bude dodr\u017eiava\u0165 dohodu <em>Black sea grain initiative<\/em> sa docielen\u00fd konsenzus d\u00e1 pova\u017eova\u0165 za ve\u013ek\u00fd \u00faspech. Dohoda ukon\u010dila takmer pol roka trvaj\u00facu blok\u00e1du ukrajinsk\u00fdch pr\u00edstavov v \u010ciernom mori. Pr\u00edsun ukrajinsk\u00fdch obiln\u00edn na svetov\u00fd trh mal za n\u00e1sledok zn\u00ed\u017eenie ich cien. Aj napriek&nbsp; tomu, \u017ee koncom okt\u00f3bra hrozilo, \u017ee Rusko od dohody odst\u00fapi, alebo ju odmietne pred\u013a\u017ei\u0165, je v apr\u00edli 2023 dohoda st\u00e1le v platnosti. Pod\u013ea z\u00e1znamov centra koordinuj\u00faceho prepravu obiln\u00edn cez \u010cierne more od podp\u00edsania dohody prebehlo u\u017e vy\u0161e 1050 plavieb s celkov\u00fdm n\u00e1kladom vy\u0161e 28 mili\u00f3nov ton obiln\u00edn, preva\u017ene kukurice a p\u0161enice.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/black-sea-grain-initiative\/vessel-movements>.&#8220;>[29]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V samotnom konflikte sa daj\u00fa o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie obraty. Zmena situ\u00e1cie na frontovej l\u00ednii, zmena dohodnut\u00fdch podmienok v zmluve, pr\u00edpadne ak bude Rusko v\u00e1ha\u0165 s jej pred\u013a\u017een\u00edm, alebo bude op\u00e4\u0165 zva\u017eova\u0165 \u017ee od zmluvy odst\u00fapi. To v\u0161etko bude ma\u0165 dozaista&nbsp; vplyv na cenu obiln\u00edn, najm\u00e4 p\u0161enice, tak ako tomu bolo doposia\u013e. \u010eal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj je neist\u00fd, v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti nie je jasn\u00e9, \u010di bud\u00fa splnen\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky, ktor\u00fdmi Rusko podmie\u0148uje svoju \u010fal\u0161iu \u00fa\u010das\u0165 na dohode. Taktie\u017e je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 predikova\u0165, \u010di Rusko pri nesplnen\u00ed svojich podmienok skuto\u010dne zmluvu odmietne pred\u013a\u017ei\u0165. Situ\u00e1ciu na bojisku je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 predpoveda\u0165, no ist\u00e9 je to, \u017ee cel\u00fd konflikt a akt\u00e9ri v \u0148om zapojen\u00ed bud\u00fa pravdepodobne v bl\u00edzkej bud\u00facnosti v\u00fdrazne h\u00fdba\u0165 cenami obiln\u00edn na svetov\u00fdch trhoch, tak ako sme mohli sledova\u0165 v roku 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroje: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] Ukraine Agricultural Production and Trade [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fas.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-04\/Ukraine-Factsheet-April2022.pdf\">https:\/\/www.fas.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-04\/Ukraine-Factsheet-April2022.pdf<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2] Ukraine\u2019s food exports by the numbers&nbsp; [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/07\/ukraine-s-food-exports-by-the-numbers\/\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/07\/ukraine-s-food-exports-by-the-numbers\/<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[3] Exports of Ukraine&nbsp; [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/country\/ukr?yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow0\">https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/country\/ukr?yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow0<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[4] Wheat in Egypt [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/bilateral-product\/wheat\/reporter\/egy\">https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/bilateral-product\/wheat\/reporter\/egy<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[5] How to contain the cascading impacts of war in \u2018Europe\u2019s breadbasket\u2019 [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/how-to-contain-the-cascading-impacts-of-war-in-europe-s-breadbasket\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/how-to-contain-the-cascading-impacts-of-war-in-europe-s-breadbasket<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[6] Forty Percent of the World Food Program\u2019s Wheat Supplies Come from Ukraine [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/forty-percent-world-food-programs-wheat-supplies-come-ukraine\">https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/forty-percent-world-food-programs-wheat-supplies-come-ukraine<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[7] Wheat Prices &#8211; 40 Year Historical Chart [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/2534\/wheat-prices-historical-chart-data\">https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/2534\/wheat-prices-historical-chart-data<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[8] Russia extends quotas for fertiliser exports to help domestic farmers&nbsp; [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/ukraine-crisis-russia-fertilisers-idUSKBN2NH1G4\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/ukraine-crisis-russia-fertilisers-idUSKBN2NH1G4<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[9] Mines, Port Damage Threaten Revival of Sea Route for Ukraine Grain&nbsp; [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mines-port-damage-threaten-revival-of-sea-route-for-ukraine-grain-11656754200\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mines-port-damage-threaten-revival-of-sea-route-for-ukraine-grain-11656754200<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[10] How Russian Ships Are Laundering Grain Stolen From Occupied Ukraine [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2022-russian-stolen-grains\/\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2022-russian-stolen-grains\/<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[11] Tracking where Russia is taking Ukraine&#8217;s stolen grain&nbsp; [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/61790625\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/61790625<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[12] Turkey seizes Russian ship carrying \u2018stolen\u2019 Ukrainian grain&nbsp; [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/jul\/05\/ukraine-russia-turkey-ship-grain-stolen\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/jul\/05\/ukraine-russia-turkey-ship-grain-stolen<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[13] \u2018They\u2019re burning our crops on purpose\u2019: Ukraine says Russia deliberately torching grain fields &nbsp; [online], [02\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/europe\/20220720-they-re-burning-our-crops-on-purpose-ukraine-says-russia-deliberately-torching-grain-fields\">https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/europe\/20220720-they-re-burning-our-crops-on-purpose-ukraine-says-russia-deliberately-torching-grain-fields<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[14] World Agricultural Production Movements&nbsp; [online], [26\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/psdonline\/circulars\/production.pdf\">https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/psdonline\/circulars\/production.pdf<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[15] World Agricultural Production Movements&nbsp; [online], [26\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/psdonline\/circulars\/production.pdf\">https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/psdonline\/circulars\/production.pdf<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[16] Analysis: Ukraine&#8217;s sparse wheat plantings sow further trouble for global food security Movements&nbsp; [online], [26\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/ukraines-sparse-wheat-plantings-sow-further-trouble-global-food-security-2022-11-15\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/ukraines-sparse-wheat-plantings-sow-further-trouble-global-food-security-2022-11-15\/<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[17] Beacon on the Black Sea&nbsp; [online], [10\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/black-sea-grain-initiative\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/black-sea-grain-initiative<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[18] Russia, Turkey discuss grain export corridor from Ukraine [online], [10\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/6\/7\/russia-turkey-discuss-grain-exports-corridor-from-ukraine\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/6\/7\/russia-turkey-discuss-grain-exports-corridor-from-ukraine<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[19] African Union leader Macky Sall to meet Putin on Friday to \u2018free cereal stocks\u2019[online], [10\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/african-union-leader-macky-sall-meet-putin-friday-free-cereal-stocks\/\">https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/african-union-leader-macky-sall-meet-putin-friday-free-cereal-stocks\/<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[20] EU sanctions against Russia following the invasion of Ukraine [online], [10\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/eu-solidarity-ukraine.ec.europa.eu\/eu-sanctions-against-russia-following-invasion-ukraine_en\">https:\/\/eu-solidarity-ukraine.ec.europa.eu\/eu-sanctions-against-russia-following-invasion-ukraine_en<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[21] Lavrov says onus is on Ukraine to de-mine ports to allow grain shipments [online], [10\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/lavrov-says-onus-is-ukraine-de-mine-ports-allow-grain-shipments-2022-06-08\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/lavrov-says-onus-is-ukraine-de-mine-ports-allow-grain-shipments-2022-06-08\/<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[22] Initiative on the Safe Transportation of Grain and Foodstuffs from Ukrainian Ports [online], [10\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sites\/un2.un.org\/files\/black_sea_grain_initiative_full_text.pdf\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/sites\/un2.un.org\/files\/black_sea_grain_initiative_full_text.pdf<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[23] Russia fires missiles at Odesa port hours after signing grain export deal [online], [10\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/jul\/23\/russia-fires-missiles-odesa-port-hours-after-grain-export-deal\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/jul\/23\/russia-fires-missiles-odesa-port-hours-after-grain-export-deal<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[24] First grain ship leaves Ukraine: What, where and why it matters [online], [10\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/8\/1\/first-grain-ship-leaves-ukraine-what-where-and-why-this-matters\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/8\/1\/first-grain-ship-leaves-ukraine-what-where-and-why-this-matters<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[25] How much grain has been shipped from Ukraine?&nbsp; [online], [11\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-61759692\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-61759692<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[26] Ukraine grain export deal extended for four months&nbsp; [online], [11\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/11\/17\/ukraine-grain-export-deal-extended-for-four-months\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/11\/17\/ukraine-grain-export-deal-extended-for-four-months<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[27] Ukraine Oct grain exports almost return to pre-war levels &#8211; ministry [online], [11\/01\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/europe\/ukraine-oct-grain-exports-almost-return-pre-war-levels-ministry-2022-10-17\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/europe\/ukraine-oct-grain-exports-almost-return-pre-war-levels-ministry-2022-10-17\/<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[28] Ukraine Black Sea grain deal extended for at least 60 days [online], [23\/04\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/black-sea-grain-deal-extended-turkey-ukraine-say-2023-03-18\/\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/black-sea-grain-deal-extended-turkey-ukraine-say-2023-03-18\/<\/a>>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[29] Vessel Movements&nbsp; [online], [23\/04\/2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/black-sea-grain-initiative\/vessel-movements\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/black-sea-grain-initiative\/vessel-movements<\/a>&gt;.&nbsp; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rusko aj Ukrajina patria medzi najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdvozcov obiln\u00edn a hnojiva, preto m\u00e1 s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 vojna na Ukrajine celosvetov\u00fd dopad najm\u00e4 na potravinov\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165. Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm sa t\u00fdka mno\u017estva rozvojov\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov v \u00c1zii a Afrike, ktor\u00e9 dov\u00e1\u017eali zna\u010dn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 obiln\u00edn pr\u00e1ve z Ukrajiny. V \u010dl\u00e1nku sa venujeme \u010dasov\u00e9mu obdobiu od za\u010diatku ruskej inv\u00e1zie (24. febru\u00e1ra 2022) do apr\u00edla [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>V\u00fdvoz ukrajinsk\u00fdch obiln\u00edn po\u010das ruskej inv\u00e1zie na Ukrajine - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=464\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u00fdvoz ukrajinsk\u00fdch obiln\u00edn po\u010das ruskej inv\u00e1zie na Ukrajine - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Rusko aj Ukrajina patria medzi najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdvozcov obiln\u00edn a hnojiva, preto m\u00e1 s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 vojna na Ukrajine celosvetov\u00fd dopad najm\u00e4 na potravinov\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165. 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