{"id":370,"date":"2023-02-06T19:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-06T18:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=370"},"modified":"2023-02-06T16:54:32","modified_gmt":"2023-02-06T15:54:32","slug":"neziskove-organizacie-a-ich-uloha-pri-vyvazovani-necinnosti-statu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=370","title":{"rendered":"Neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie a ich \u00faloha pri vyva\u017eovan\u00ed ne\u010dinnosti \u0161t\u00e1tu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u010cinnos\u0165 neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed je na z\u00e1klade ich rozsahu a v\u00fdznamu pre spolo\u010dnos\u0165  t\u00e9mou, ktor\u00e1 otv\u00e1ra nov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky v oblasti efektivity vl\u00e1d a vl\u00e1dnych polit\u00edk. Na pr\u00edklade mnoh\u00fdch \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fdch neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa Amnesty International, UNICEF, Mo\u017enos\u0165 vo\u013eby <\/em>a \u010clovek v ohrozen\u00ed<\/em>, dnes m\u00f4\u017eeme poveda\u0165, \u017ee v oblastiach humanit\u00e1rnej pomoci, slu\u017eby v oblasti soci\u00e1lnej starostlivosti, vzdel\u00e1vania a podpory najohrozenej\u0161\u00edch skup\u00edn, s\u00fa tieto organiz\u00e1cie \u010dastokr\u00e1t efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie ako \u0161t\u00e1tny sektor. V \u010dl\u00e1nku budeme vych\u00e1dza\u0165 z defin\u00edci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 ch\u00e1pu neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie ako organizovan\u00e9 skupiny, ktor\u00fdch cie\u013eom nie je generovanie zisku pre osobn\u00fd profit, ale konkr\u00e9tny spolo\u010dn\u00fd cie\u013e. Aktivity, ktor\u00e9 vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa, nie s\u00fa z\u00e1visl\u00e9 od \u0161t\u00e1tu. Medzi najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie typy neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eeme zaradi\u0165 tie, ktor\u00fdch \u010dinnos\u0165 sa zameriava na pomoc soci\u00e1lne a zdravotne znev\u00fdhodnen\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m, upozor\u0148ovanie na poru\u0161ovanie \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v v r\u00f4znych \u010dastiach sveta, pr\u00edpadne tie, ktor\u00e9 sa venuj\u00fa aktivit\u00e1m v oblasti osvety, vzdel\u00e1vania, kult\u00fary a \u0161portu.[1]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee napriek n\u00e1zvu tohto sektoru, je ist\u00e1 forma zisku, respekt\u00edve finan\u010dn\u00fdch zdrojov na prev\u00e1dzku svojich \u010dinnost\u00ed, d\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou jeho fungovania. Finan\u010dn\u00e9 zdroje, o ktor\u00e9 sa opieraj\u00fa, tvoria preva\u017ene r\u00f4zne formy grantov, zbierok, nad\u00e1ci\u00ed, \u010dlensk\u00fdch pr\u00edspevkov, pr\u00edpadne sponzorsk\u00fdch darov od podporovate\u013eov t\u00fdchto organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed.  Z d\u00f4vodu, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017eu sp\u00e1ja\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed s ist\u00fdm cie\u013eom na b\u00e1ze dobrovo\u013enosti, sa vytv\u00e1ra slobodn\u00fd priestor pre realiz\u00e1ciu jedinca, na z\u00e1klade jeho vz\u0165ahu k danej problematike. Mnoh\u00e9 neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie s\u00fa dnes d\u00f4kazom toho, \u017ee \u0161t\u00e1tny a podnikate\u013esk\u00fd sektor postr\u00e1da rie\u0161enia niektor\u00fdch z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch spolo\u010densk\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov.  Prek\u00e1\u017ekou pri ich \u010dinnosti je \u010dasto probl\u00e9m z\u00edskania financi\u00ed na svoju \u010dinnos\u0165, ktor\u00fd z\u00e1vis\u00ed aj od atraktivity, po\u010dtu \u010dlenov a marketingov\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed t\u00fdchto organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed. Obmedzen\u00e9 zdroje financovania sa sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa aj s obmedzeniami v r\u00e1mci kompetenci\u00ed, ktor\u00fdmi disponuj\u00fa. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 s\u00fa mnoh\u00e9 zbierky a projekty t\u00fdchto organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed len kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9. Je preto vhodn\u00e9 sa op\u00fdta\u0165, \u010di dok\u00e1\u017eu neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie prekon\u00e1va\u0165 syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 nedostatky. Ako si v pr\u00edspevku uk\u00e1\u017eeme, mnoh\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 projekty v oblasti integr\u00e1cie p\u00f4sobiace na Slovensku dok\u00e1\u017eu na z\u00e1klade zanietenia prekon\u00e1va\u0165 ignor\u00e1ciu z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov zo strany politick\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov. Nem\u00f4\u017eeme v\u0161ak opomen\u00fa\u0165 nutnos\u0165 apelovania na odstr\u00e1nenie syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch nedostatkov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa dlhodobo prehliadan\u00e9 a nedostato\u010dne financovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aktivity neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed s\u00fa v glob\u00e1lnom meradle v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 z d\u00f4vodov, medzi ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eeme zaradi\u0165 neschopnos\u0165 vl\u00e1d vysporiada\u0165 sa s pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00facimi probl\u00e9mami. T\u00e1to neschopnos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee spo\u010d\u00edva\u0165 v ned\u00f4slednosti v ot\u00e1zke adresnosti pomoci ohrozen\u00fdm a znev\u00fdhodnen\u00fdm soci\u00e1lnym skupin\u00e1m, nedostatku finan\u010dn\u00fdch prostriedkov alebo nedostatku z\u00e1ujmu o rie\u0161enie t\u00fdchto probl\u00e9mov. Neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie dnes v niektor\u00fdch \u010dinnostiach nahr\u00e1dzaj\u00fa aktivity vl\u00e1d, respekt\u00edve \u0161t\u00e1tu. Spom\u00ednan\u00e1 podpora soci\u00e1lne a zdravotne znev\u00fdhodnen\u00fdch skup\u00edn, zlep\u0161ovanie pr\u00edstupu ku vzdelaniu a zdravotnej starostlivosti a boj s extr\u00e9mnou chudobou, naber\u00e1 v pr\u00edpade neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed glob\u00e1lny charakter a umo\u017e\u0148uje rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov aj mimo na\u0161ich hran\u00edc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Slovensk\u00e1 neziskov\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia \u010clovek v ohrozen\u00ed <\/em>na Slovensku realizuje programy soci\u00e1lnej integr\u00e1cie v r\u00f3mskych komunit\u00e1ch, pozost\u00e1vaj\u00face zo sprostredkovania vzdelania det\u00ed a dospel\u00fdch v komunitn\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch. Takisto sa venuj\u00fa vzdel\u00e1vaniu a finan\u010dnej gramotnosti, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00fa \u013eu\u010fom zo zranite\u013en\u00fdch komun\u00edt za\u010dleni\u0165 sa na trh pr\u00e1ce. V tomto kontexte je nutn\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee prek\u00e1\u017eky, ktor\u00fdm \u010delia \u013eudia z vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00fdch komun\u00edt, s\u00fa v\u00fdsledkom nedostatku z\u00e1ujmu politick\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov rie\u0161i\u0165 ot\u00e1zky extr\u00e9mnej chudoby a vyl\u00fa\u010denosti marginalizovan\u00fdch komun\u00edt. Probl\u00e9mu nedostupnosti b\u00fdvania marginalizovan\u00fdch r\u00f3mskych komun\u00edt sa venuje neziskov\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia Projekt DOM.ov.<\/em>[2]<\/a> Organiz\u00e1cia \u010clovek v ohrozen\u00ed<\/em> sa venuje aj humanit\u00e1rnej pomoci a rozvojovej spolupr\u00e1ci v zahrani\u010d\u00ed, pri\u010dom v r\u00e1mci svojich kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdch programov sa zameriava na pomoc krajin\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 postihli pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 katastrofy. Od vypuknutia ruskej inv\u00e1zie na Ukrajinu takisto poskytuje intenz\u00edvnu humanit\u00e1rnu pomoc vojnou zasiahnut\u00e9mu ukrajinsk\u00e9mu obyvate\u013estvu. V krajin\u00e1ch postihnut\u00fdch zemetrasen\u00edm \u010di povod\u0148ami dok\u00e1\u017eu v kritick\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch reagova\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom finan\u010dnej zbierky, alebo materi\u00e1lnou a humanit\u00e1rnou pomocou priamo na mieste.[3]<\/a> V\u00fdznam celosvetov\u00e9ho prepojenia sa ukazuje nielen v pr\u00edpade pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch katastrof, ale aj pri poru\u0161ovan\u00ed medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va. Neziskov\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia Amnesty International <\/em>vznikla v roku 1961, pri\u010dom dnes p\u00f4sob\u00ed vo viac ako 150 \u0161t\u00e1toch sveta, v ktor\u00fdch prep\u00e1ja pribli\u017ene 10 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed. Vo svojej \u010dinnosti sa zameriava najm\u00e4 na probl\u00e9my t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa poru\u0161ovania medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va, diskrimin\u00e1cie, ale takisto upozor\u0148uje na poru\u0161ovanie \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v aj zo strany vl\u00e1d v nedemokratick\u00fdch re\u017eimoch.<\/a>[4]<\/a>  Glob\u00e1lny rozmer \u010dinnosti neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed vystupuje do popredia najm\u00e4 v pr\u00edpadoch, kedy doch\u00e1dza zo strany nedemokratick\u00fdch re\u017eimov k poru\u0161ovaniu \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a slob\u00f4d, politick\u00e9mu v\u00e4zneniu, policajnej brutalite alebo mu\u010deniu svojich obyvate\u013eov. Neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie venuj\u00face sa t\u00fdmto problematik\u00e1m vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa tlak na politick\u00e9 re\u017eimy a p\u00f4sobia na verejn\u00fd diskurz t\u00fdm, \u017ee ich dok\u00e1\u017eu spr\u00edstup\u0148ova\u0165 a sprostredkova\u0165 \u0161ir\u0161ej verejnosti. Pr\u00e1ve preto m\u00f4\u017eeme vn\u00edma\u0165 neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie ako d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd faktor \u0161\u00edrenia povedomia o z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch \u013eudskopr\u00e1vnych probl\u00e9moch. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00f4\u017ee pet\u00edciami a expert\u00edzami ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 v\u00fdvoj politiky a vpl\u00fdva\u0165 na rozhodnutia politick\u00fdch akt\u00e9rov, ako je to aj v pr\u00edpade Amnesty International. <\/em>Medzi jej aktivity toti\u017e patr\u00ed aj dokument\u00e1cia stavu \u013eudsk\u00fdch a ob\u010dianskych pr\u00e1v v 154 \u0161t\u00e1toch sveta.[5]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako sme u\u017e v pr\u00edspevku nazna\u010dili, v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch dok\u00e1\u017eu na spom\u00ednan\u00e9 probl\u00e9my reagova\u0165 efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie ako \u0161t\u00e1tny sektor. Jedn\u00fdm z d\u00f4vodov, ktor\u00e9 stoja za touto skuto\u010dnos\u0165ou, je schopnos\u0165 neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 priestor, v ktorom funguj\u00fa jednotlivci, ktor\u00fdm je bl\u00edzky cie\u013e t\u00fdchto organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed. T\u00fdm, \u017ee neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie nie s\u00fa viazan\u00e9 na vl\u00e1dne politiky ani na tvorbu zisku, ich \u010dinnos\u0165 z\u00e1vis\u00ed len od rozhodnutia a uv\u00e1\u017eenia danej organiz\u00e1cie. Na b\u00e1ze dobrovo\u013enosti a v\u00f4le pom\u00e1ha\u0165 dok\u00e1\u017ee sp\u00e1ja\u0165 odborn\u00fa, ale aj laick\u00fa verejnos\u0165 s ist\u00fdm spolo\u010dn\u00fdm cie\u013eom. Niektor\u00e9 neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie na Slovensku otv\u00e1raj\u00fa t\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa dlhodobo ignorovan\u00e9 a prehliadan\u00e9, pr\u00edpadne tabuizovan\u00e9 vo verejnom diskurze. V r\u00e1mci slovensk\u00e9ho vzdel\u00e1vacieho procesu patr\u00ed ot\u00e1zka vz\u0165ahovej a sexu\u00e1lnej v\u00fdchovy na z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch k t\u00e9mam, ktor\u00fdm sa nepriklad\u00e1 zo strany verejnosti a politikov ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Mnoh\u00ed odborn\u00edci v\u0161ak dlhodobo apeluj\u00fa na potrebu zmeny vyu\u010dovac\u00edch osnov, ktor\u00e9 v by v sebe zah\u0155\u0148ali vz\u0165ahov\u00fa a sexu\u00e1lnu v\u00fdchovu s jasne definovan\u00fdm obsahom. Neziskov\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia inTYMYta<\/em> patr\u00ed k neziskov\u00fdm organiz\u00e1ci\u00e1m p\u00f4sobiacim na Slovensku, ktor\u00e9 sa venuj\u00fa t\u00e9mam eduk\u00e1cie v oblasti vz\u0165ahovej a sexu\u00e1lnej v\u00fdchovy. Eduka\u010dnej a osvetovej \u010dinnosti sa venuje prostredn\u00edctvom predn\u00e1\u0161ok, workshopov pre \u0161tudentov a u\u010dite\u013eov, poradenstva a besied. Organiz\u00e1cia inTYMYta<\/em> sp\u00e1ja odborn\u00edkov z oblasti psychol\u00f3gie, medic\u00edny a pedagogiky, ktor\u00fdch aktivity dlhodobo supluj\u00fa ch\u00fdbaj\u00facu \u00fapravu \u0161kolskej osnovy.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednou z kriticky podfinancovan\u00fdch oblast\u00ed je vzdel\u00e1vanie det\u00ed zo soci\u00e1lne znev\u00fdhodnen\u00e9ho prostredia. Aj napriek pozit\u00edvnym v\u00fdsledkom mnoh\u00fdch projektov, ost\u00e1va t\u00e1to problematika prehliadan\u00e1 (miestami a\u017e vulgarizovan\u00e1) politick\u00fdmi predstavite\u013emi. Projekt Schopn\u00e9 deti <\/em>uskuto\u010d\u0148uj\u00faci sa pod z\u00e1\u0161titou neziskovej organiz\u00e1cie ETP Slovensko<\/em>, predstavuje \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd inkluz\u00edvny projekt, ktor\u00fd pom\u00e1ha r\u00f3mskym de\u0165om z os\u00e1d. Pomoc je realizovan\u00e1 najm\u00e4 prostredn\u00edctvom mentoringu, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 realizovan\u00fd aj online formou. Podstatou mentoringu je komunik\u00e1cia a budovanie kvalitn\u00e9ho kamar\u00e1tskeho vz\u0165ahu s de\u0165mi, ktor\u00fdm m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 mentor n\u00e1pomocn\u00fd v oblastiach vzdel\u00e1vania, vz\u00e1jomnej komunik\u00e1cie a osobn\u00e9ho rozvoja. Mentorsk\u00fd program dok\u00e1\u017ee sp\u00e1ja\u0165 zanieten\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed pom\u00e1haj\u00fa segregovan\u00fdm r\u00f3mskym komunit\u00e1m.[7]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie p\u00f4sobiace na Slovensku, ktor\u00e9 sme si v pr\u00edspevku predstavili, dok\u00e1\u017eu sprostredkova\u0165 materi\u00e1lnu a humanit\u00e1rnu pomoc najzranite\u013enej\u0161\u00edm skupin\u00e1m, alebo sa venuj\u00fa vzdel\u00e1vacej a osvetovej \u010dinnosti. Otv\u00e1raj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 celospolo\u010densk\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 sme si pribl\u00ed\u017eili v pr\u00edspevku. \u010clenovia neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu prispieva\u0165 k ich \u010dinnostiam svojimi schopnos\u0165ami, vzdelan\u00edm \u010di \u010dasom. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd je pr\u00e1ve aspekt sp\u00e1jania \u013eud\u00ed so spolo\u010dn\u00fdmi hodnotami, ktor\u00e9 presahuj\u00fa osobn\u00fd profit jednotlivcov. Z tohto d\u00f4vodu je neziskov\u00fd sektor aj v r\u00e1mci Slovenska v\u00fdznamn\u00fd v ot\u00e1zkach pomoci soci\u00e1lne znev\u00fdhodnen\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m obyvate\u013estva. Vo sf\u00e9rach, kde zlyh\u00e1va \u0161t\u00e1t, neziskov\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie \u010dasto aj dlhodobo nahr\u00e1dzaj\u00fa jeho ne\u010dinnos\u0165. Tento model v\u0161ak nie je dostato\u010dn\u00fd a uspokojuj\u00faci, ke\u010f\u017ee kompetencie a legitimita neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed s\u00fa obmedzen\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cornell Law School: Non-profit organizations<\/em>.<\/strong> [online], [cit. 13.1.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/non-profit_organizations>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Projekt DOM.ov.sk Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/projektdomov.sk\/frontpage-with-slider\/romske-lokality\/>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010clovek v ohrozen\u00ed: <\/em>Od zemetrasenia v Nep\u00e1le uplynuli dva roky, krajina sa e\u0161te nespam\u00e4tala<\/em><\/a>. <\/em>24. apr\u00edl 2017 [online], [cit. 13.1.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/clovekvohrozeni.sk\/od-zemetrasenia-v-nepale-uplynuli-dva-roky-krajina-sa-este-nespamatala\/>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amnesty International: Who we are<\/em>.  [online], [cit. 13.1.2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/who-we-are>\/ <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amnesty International Report 2021\/22: The State of the World’s Human Rights<\/em>. London: British Library. s. 9 – 20. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

inTYMYta.sk. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.intymyta.sk\/o-nas\/>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schopnedeti.sk: Mentoring. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/schopnedeti.sk\/kto-je-mentor\/>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u010cinnos\u0165 neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed je na z\u00e1klade ich rozsahu a v\u00fdznamu pre spolo\u010dnos\u0165  t\u00e9mou, ktor\u00e1 otv\u00e1ra nov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky v oblasti efektivity vl\u00e1d a vl\u00e1dnych polit\u00edk. 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