{"id":1460,"date":"2026-06-05T21:49:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-05T19:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1460"},"modified":"2026-07-29T22:14:46","modified_gmt":"2026-07-29T20:14:46","slug":"efektivita-misie-unprofor-pocas-konfliktu-v-bosne-a-hercegovine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1460","title":{"rendered":"Efektivita misie UNPROFOR po\u010das konfliktu v Bosne a Hercegovine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organiz\u00e1cia Spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov zohr\u00e1va od skon\u010denia druhej svetovej vojny k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu, a to v oblasti udr\u017eiavania mezin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho mieru a bezpe\u010dnosti. Vznik OSN bol priamou rekaciou na sk\u00fasenosti s glob\u00e1lnym ozbrojen\u00fdm konfliktom. Jedn\u00fdm z hlavn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov, v\u010faka ktor\u00fdm OSN reguje na ozbrojen\u00e9 konflikty, s\u00fa mierov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie. Ich podoba a rozsah sa v priebehu \u010dasu v\u00fdrazne menili.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mierov\u00e9 miesie OSN sa postupne vyvinuli od tradi\u010dn\u00fdch pozorovate\u013eskych oper\u00e1ci\u00ed ku komplexn\u00fdm z\u00e1sahom, ktor\u00fdch realiz\u00e1cia sa uskuto\u010d\u0148ovala v podmienkach vn\u00fatro\u0161t\u00e1tnych konfliktov, \u010dasto bez jasnej mierovej dohody medzi znepriatelen\u00fdmi stranami.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> Tento v\u00fdvoj kladie na mierov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie nov\u00e9 n\u00e1roky. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 otv\u00e1ra priestor pre ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa ich efektivity, legitimity a schopnosti ragova\u0165 na rast\u00face n\u00e1silie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Konflikt v Bosne a Hercegovine v rokoch 1992-1995 predstavovali jednu z prv\u00fdch ve\u013ek\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161ok mierov\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed OSN v obdob\u00ed po skon\u010den\u00ed Studenej vojny. Mierov\u00e1 misia UNPROFOR bola nasaden\u00e1 v prostred\u00ed intenz\u00edvneho n\u00e1silia, etnick\u00fdch \u010distiek a rozpadu \u0161t\u00e1tnej autority, \u010do v\u00fdrazne presahovalo r\u00e1mec be\u017en\u00fdch mierov\u00fdch misi\u00ed. Misia bola poveren\u00e1 ambici\u00f3znymi \u00falohami, pri\u010dom jej mand\u00e1t zost\u00e1val nejednozna\u010dn\u00fd a nebol podporen\u00fd primeran\u00fdmi vojensk\u00fdmi a politick\u00fdmi prostriedkami, \u010do obmedzovalo jej schopnos\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinne reagova\u0165 na eskal\u00e1ciu konfliktu .<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sk\u00famanie p\u00f4sobenia misie UNPROFOR je preto d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 nielen z historick\u00e9ho, ale aj z h\u013eadiska mo\u017enost\u00ed a limitov mierov\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed OSN. Presk\u00famanie tohto pr\u00edpadu umo\u017e\u0148uje lep\u0161ie pochopi\u0165 probl\u00e9my spojen\u00e9 s nasadzovan\u00edm mierov\u00fdch s\u00edl a prispieva k diskusii o tom, ako by mali by\u0165 bud\u00fade misie formovan\u00e9 a mand\u00e1tovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Poslanie a\u00a0hlavn\u00e9 ciele OSN<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organiz\u00e1cia Spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov vznikla v&nbsp;roku 1945 ako reakcia na sk\u00fasenosti druhej svetovej vojny. Jej cie\u013eom je zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 opakovaniu rozsiahlych ozbrojen\u00fdch konfliktov. Zakladaj\u00face \u0161t\u00e1ty OSN vych\u00e1dzali z&nbsp;presved\u010denia, \u017ee udr\u017eiavanie mieru a&nbsp;bezpe\u010dnosti si vy\u017eaduje vytvorenie st\u00e1lej medzin\u00e1rodnej in\u0161tit\u00facie, ktor\u00e1 by bola schopn\u00e1 sprostredkova\u0165 spolupr\u00e1cu medzi \u0161t\u00e1tmi a&nbsp;poskytova\u0165 platformu pre spolo\u010dn\u00e9 rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov. <a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm poslan\u00edm tejto organiz\u00e1cie je udr\u017eiavanie medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho mieru a&nbsp;bezpe\u010dnosti, rozvoj priate\u013esk\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov medzi \u0161t\u00e1tmi a&nbsp;podpora medzin\u00e1rodnej spolupr\u00e1ce pri rie\u0161en\u00ed glob\u00e1lnych probl\u00e9mov. Tieto ciele s\u00fa zakotven\u00e9 v&nbsp;Charte Organiz\u00e1cie Spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov, ktor\u00e1 predstavuje z\u00e1kladn\u00fd dokument upravuj\u00faci fungovanie OSN a&nbsp;pr\u00e1vomoci jej org\u00e1nov. <a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OSN je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na princ\u00edpoch suver\u00e9nnej rovnosti \u0161t\u00e1tov, mierov\u00e9ho rie\u0161enia sporov a&nbsp;z\u00e1kazu pou\u017eitia sily v&nbsp;medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch, s&nbsp;v\u00fdnimkou sebaobrany alebo rozhodnutia Bezpe\u010dnostnej rady. Udr\u017eiavanie mieru je v&nbsp;tomto kontexte ch\u00e1pan\u00e9 ako kolekt\u00edvna zodpovednos\u0165 \u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov. Tie sa prostredn\u00edctvom OSN zav\u00e4zuj\u00fa spolupracova\u0165 pri predch\u00e1dzan\u00ed konfliktom a&nbsp;rie\u0161en\u00ed kr\u00edzov\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00ed.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e1 rada OSN a\u00a0jej \u00faloha pri rie\u0161en\u00ed ozbrojen\u00fdch konfliktov<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e1 rada OSN predstavuje hlavn\u00fd org\u00e1n zodpovedn\u00fd za udr\u017eiavanie medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho mieru a&nbsp;bezpe\u010dnosti. Pr\u00e1vomoci Bezpe\u010dnostnej rady s\u00fa zakotven\u00e9 v&nbsp;Charte Organiz\u00e1cie spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov, ktor\u00e1 jej ude\u013euje zodpovednos\u0165 prim\u00e1rne za identifik\u00e1ciu hrozieb mieru, poru\u0161en\u00ed mieru a&nbsp;aktov agresie ako aj za prij\u00edmanie opatren\u00ed pre ich rie\u0161enie. Jej rozhodnutia s\u00fa pre \u010dlensk\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00e9 a&nbsp;zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum opatren\u00ed, od diplomatick\u00fdch v\u00fdziev a\u017e po uvalenie sankci\u00ed \u010di schv\u00e1lenie pou\u017eitia sily. T\u00fdmto m\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e1 rada&nbsp; odli\u0161n\u00fd charakter od ostatn\u00fdch org\u00e1nov OSN, ktor\u00fdch rezol\u00facie maj\u00fa prim\u00e1rne odpor\u00fa\u010dac\u00ed charakter.<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osobitn\u00e9 postavenie maj\u00fa st\u00e1li \u010dlenovia Bezpe\u010dnostnej rady ( \u010c\u00ednska \u013eudov\u00e1 republika, Rusk\u00e1 feder\u00e1cia, Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie a&nbsp;Severn\u00e9ho \u00cdrska, Franc\u00fazska republika, Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty americk\u00e9), ktor\u00ed disponuj\u00fa pr\u00e1vom veta, \u010do v\u00fdznamne ovplyv\u0148uje rozhodovac\u00ed proces v&nbsp;ot\u00e1zkach rie\u0161enia ozbrojen\u00fdch konfliktov.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;praxi zohr\u00e1va Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e1 rada k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri schva\u013eovan\u00ed mierov\u00fdch misi\u00ed OSN a&nbsp;ur\u010dovan\u00ed ich mand\u00e1tu. Politick\u00e9 kompromisy medzi st\u00e1lymi \u010dlenmi Bezpe\u010dnostnej rady \u010dasto ved\u00fa k&nbsp;formul\u00e1ci\u00e1m nejednozna\u010dn\u00fdch alebo obmedzen\u00fdch mand\u00e1tov, m\u00f4\u017ee negat\u00edvne ovplyvni\u0165 efektivitu misie v&nbsp;ter\u00e9ne.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> Tento probl\u00e9m sa v\u00fdrazne prejavil najm\u00e4 v&nbsp;konfliktoch po skon\u010den\u00ed studenej vojny, vr\u00e1tane konfliktu v&nbsp;b\u00fdvalej Juhosl\u00e1vii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mierov\u00e9 misie OSN<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mierov\u00e9 misie OSN, zn\u00e1me aj ako peacekeepingov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie, sa postupne vyvinuli ako jeden z&nbsp;najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1strojov OSN pri rie\u0161en\u00ed ozbrojen\u00fdch konfliktov. Hoci nie s\u00fa v\u00fdslovne zakotven\u00e9 v Charte OSN, vznikli ako pragmatick\u00e1 odpove\u010f na potrebu stabiliz\u00e1cie a&nbsp;monitorovania dodr\u017eiavania pr\u00edmer\u00ed.<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> Tradi\u010dn\u00fd peacekeeping je zalo\u017een\u00fd na troch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch princ\u00edpoch: s\u00fahlas z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch str\u00e1n, nestrannos\u0165 a&nbsp;obmedzen\u00e9 pou\u017eitie sily.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po skon\u010den\u00ed studenej vojny do\u0161lo k&nbsp;v\u00fdraznej zmene charakteru mierov\u00fdch misi\u00ed. Tie po novom za\u010dali p\u00f4sobi\u0165 v&nbsp;prostred\u00ed vn\u00fatro\u0161t\u00e1tnych konfliktov, \u010dasto bez existencie mierovej dohody. Mand\u00e1ty misi\u00ed sa roz\u0161\u00edrili o&nbsp;ochranu civiln\u00e9ho obyvate\u013estva, podporu humanit\u00e1rnych oper\u00e1ci\u00ed \u010di asistenciu pri obnove \u0161t\u00e1tnych in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed. Tento v\u00fdvoj zv\u00fd\u0161il o\u010dak\u00e1vania kladen\u00e9 na mierov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie.<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ako poznamenali Bellamy a&nbsp;Williams o&nbsp;svojom v\u00fdskume v kapitole o&nbsp;trendoch v&nbsp;mierov\u00fdch misi\u00e1ch: \u201e<em>D\u00e1 sa tvrdi\u0165, \u017ee jeho \u00fastredn\u00e9 zistenie je v&nbsp;s\u00falade s&nbsp;v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou existuj\u00facej akademickej pr\u00e1ce, \u017ee mierov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie sa \u010doraz viac vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ako n\u00e1stroj na riadenie ozbrojen\u00fdch konfliktov, a&nbsp;\u017ee typick\u00e1 mierov\u00e1 oper\u00e1cia sa rozr\u00e1stla a&nbsp;rast\u00facimi mand\u00e1tmi a&nbsp;o\u010dak\u00e1vaniami.\u201c<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>&nbsp; <em>&nbsp;<\/em>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak pouk\u00e1zal na ich limity , najm\u00e4 v&nbsp;situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ke\u010f neboli dostato\u010dne podporen\u00e9 potrebn\u00fdmi prostriedkami.<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> Pr\u00edkladom takejto misie je aj UNPROFOR, ktorej p\u00f4sobenie bude predmetom \u010fal\u0161ieho sk\u00famania v&nbsp;nasleduj\u00facich kapitol\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Konflikt v\u00a0Bosne a\u00a0Hercegovine (1992-1995)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ozbrojen\u00fd konflikt v&nbsp;Bosne a&nbsp;Hercegovine vypukol v&nbsp;roku 1992 na pozad\u00ed rozpadu Socialistickej federat\u00edvnej republiky Juhosl\u00e1vie. Konflikt bol sprev\u00e1dzan\u00fd politickou nestabilitou, nacionalistick\u00fdmi tendenciami a&nbsp;oslaben\u00edm centr\u00e1lnej moci. Predstavoval jeden z&nbsp;najn\u00e1silnej\u0161\u00edch konfliktov v&nbsp;Eur\u00f3pe po Druhej svetovej vojne. Jeho pr\u00ed\u010diny boli komplexn\u00e9 a&nbsp;zah\u0155\u0148ali kombin\u00e1ciu politick\u00fdch, historick\u00fdch ale aj etnick\u00fdch faktorov.<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dazemie Bosny a&nbsp;Hercegoviny bolo mimoriadne heterog\u00e9nnym \u00fazem\u00edm, na ktorom spolu \u017eili Bosniaci (moslimovia), Srbi (pravosl\u00e1vni) a&nbsp;Chorv\u00e1ti (katol\u00edci). Zlomov\u00fdm bodom sa stalo vyhl\u00e1senie nez\u00e1vislosti Bosny a&nbsp;Hercegoviny po referende v&nbsp;marci 1992. Referendum a&nbsp;vyhl\u00e1senie nez\u00e1vislosti nebolo akceptovan\u00e9 v\u0161etk\u00fdmi etnick\u00fdmi skupinami le\u017eiacimi v&nbsp;terit\u00f3riu nov\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tneho \u00fatvaru. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edmi oponentmi boli bosniansky Srbi.<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toto nap\u00e4tie sa r\u00fdchlo zmenilo na viacstrann\u00fa vojnu medzi bosnianskymi Moslimami (Bosniakmi), Srbmi a Chorv\u00e1tmi. Konflikt bol sprev\u00e1dzan\u00fd poru\u0161ovan\u00edm medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho humanit\u00e1rneho pr\u00e1va, etnick\u00fdmi \u010distkami a&nbsp;\u00fatokmi na civilistov. Pre vojnov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie boli charakteristick\u00e9 nepreh\u013eadn\u00e9 frontov\u00e9 l\u00ednie a&nbsp;siln\u00e1 asymetria medzi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkmi konfliktu. Absencia jasnej politickej dohody a&nbsp;fragment\u00e1cia bojuj\u00facich str\u00e1n komplikovali ak\u00fdko\u013evek pokus o&nbsp;stabilizovanie situ\u00e1cie.<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a name=\"_Toc218286983\"><\/a><strong> Reakcia OSN a\u00a0vznik UNPROFOR<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 spolo\u010denstvo na eskal\u00e1ciu konfliktu reagovalo prostredn\u00edctvom Organiz\u00e1cie Spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov. Ich reakcia bola na za\u010diatku pozna\u010den\u00e1 v\u00e1havos\u0165ou a&nbsp;nejednotou, \u010do sa odrazilo aj na prv\u00fdch krokoch Organiz\u00e1cie spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov. Prv\u00e9 korky podst\u00fapen\u00e9 OSN boli diplomatick\u00e9 iniciat\u00edvy, uvalenie sankci\u00ed a&nbsp;snaha o&nbsp;sprostredkovanie pr\u00edmeria. Vzh\u013eadom na ne\u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 t\u00fdchto opatren\u00ed&nbsp; a&nbsp;zhor\u0161uj\u00facu sa situ\u00e1ciu Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e1 rada OSN rozhodla o&nbsp;nasaden\u00ed mierov\u00fdch s\u00edl, ktor\u00e9 mali p\u00f4vodne p\u00f4sobi\u0165 v&nbsp;Chorv\u00e1tsku, no ich mand\u00e1t bol nesk\u00f4r roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fd aj na \u00fazemie Bosny a&nbsp;Hercegoviny.<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Misia UNPROFOR bola zriaden\u00e1 v&nbsp;roku 1992 s&nbsp;cie\u013eom prispie\u0165 k&nbsp;stabiliz\u00e1cii regi\u00f3nu a&nbsp;podpori\u0165 humanit\u00e1rne oper\u00e1cie. P\u00f4vodne ur\u010den\u00e1 pre oper\u00e1cie v&nbsp; Chorv\u00e1tsku, jej roz\u0161\u00edrenie do Bosny a&nbsp;Hercegoviny prebiehalo v&nbsp;pokra\u010duj\u00facom ozbrojenom konflikte bez existencie mierovej dohody. OSN tak \u010delila situ\u00e1cii, v&nbsp;ktorej be\u017en\u00fd model mierov\u00fdch oper\u00e1cii nebol aplikovate\u013en\u00fd.<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a> <a name=\"_Toc218286984\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mand\u00e1t a\u00a0hlavn\u00e9 ciele UNPROFOR<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mand\u00e1t mierovej misie UNPROFOR v&nbsp;Bosne a&nbsp;Hercegovine bol v\u00fdsledkom politick\u00fdch kompromisov v&nbsp;Bezpe\u010dnostnej rade OSN a&nbsp;bol v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00fd postupn\u00fdm roz\u0161irovan\u00edm. Odr\u00e1\u017eal nejednotu medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho spolo\u010denstva pri rie\u0161en\u00ed konfliktu v&nbsp;b\u00fdvalej Juhosl\u00e1vii. Mand\u00e1t sa postupne roz\u0161iroval pomocou rezol\u00faci\u00ed Bezpe\u010dnostnej rady no jeho roz\u0161irovanie nebolo adekv\u00e1tne sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161enou vojenskou kapacitou.<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u00f4vodne bola misia vytvoren\u00e1 a&nbsp;ur\u010den\u00e1 pre \u00fazemie Chorv\u00e1tska, no v&nbsp;roku 1992 bol mand\u00e1t roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fd na \u00fazemie Bosny a&nbsp;Hercegoviny, kde sa konflikt eskaloval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hlavn\u00fdmi \u00falohami tejto misie boli ochrana humanit\u00e1rnych konvojov, podpora dod\u00e1vok humanit\u00e1rnej pomoci a&nbsp;taktie\u017e monitorovanie krehk\u00fdch pr\u00edmer\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 \u010dasto neboli dodr\u017eiavan\u00e9. UNPROFOR mal taktie\u017e za \u00falohu ochra\u0148ova\u0165 takzvan\u00e9 bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00f3ny, hoci mo\u017enosti z\u00e1sahu boli zna\u010dne obmedzen\u00e9.<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osobitnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou mand\u00e1tu bola ochrana tzv. Bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00f3n, medzi ktor\u00e9 patrili mest\u00e1 ako Srebrenica, \u017depa \u010di Gorad\u017ee. Tieto oblasti mali sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 ako \u00fato\u010disko pre civiln\u00e9 obyvate\u013estvo. Ich ochrana v\u0161ak nebola jasne definovan\u00e1 ani dostato\u010dne zabezpe\u010den\u00e1. Takto sa vo svojej knihe k&nbsp;bezpe\u010dn\u00fdm z\u00f3nam vyjadril Fidnlay: \u201e<em>Najkontroverznej\u0161ia ot\u00e1zka t\u00fdkaj\u00faca sa pou\u017eitia sily po\u010das p\u00f4sobenia OSN v&nbsp;Bosne s\u00favisela s&nbsp;tzv. \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi z\u00f3nami\u201c. Tie boli v&nbsp;roku 1993 vyhl\u00e1sen\u00e9 v&nbsp;okol\u00ed viacer\u00fdch miest, ktor\u00e9 boli obliehan\u00e9 bosnianskosrbsk\u00fdmi silami. Tento krok v\u00fdrazne roz\u0161\u00edril zodpovednosti misie UNPROFOR a&nbsp;vtiahol ju do toho, \u010do mnoh\u00ed vn\u00edmali ako \u201esiv\u00fa z\u00f3nu\u201c medzi tradi\u010dn\u00fdm mierov\u00fdm udr\u017eiavan\u00edm a&nbsp;presadzovan\u00edm mieru (alebo t\u00fdm, \u010do in\u00ed pozorovatelia ozna\u010duj\u00fa ako mierov\u00e9 presadzovanie).\u201c<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pou\u017eitie sily bolo v\u00a0mand\u00e1te misie striktne limitovan\u00e9 a\u00a0jej po\u017eitie bolo mienen\u00e9 hlavne pri sebaobrane. \u00a0Tento pr\u00edstup vych\u00e1dzal z\u00a0tradi\u010dn\u00e9ho ch\u00e1pania mierov\u00fdch misi\u00ed OSN, pri ktor\u00fdch je predpokladan\u00fd s\u00fahlas z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch str\u00e1n a\u00a0relat\u00edvne stabiln\u00e9 prostredie. Ako uviedol Baumann: <em>\u201eOkrem toho misii UNPROFOR ch\u00fdbala autorita a\u00a0ve\u013emi \u010dasto aj palebn\u00e1 sila potrebn\u00e1 na proakt\u00edvne pou\u017eitie sily.\u201c<\/em><a name=\"_ftnref23\" href=\"#_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> Toto obmedzilo mo\u017enos\u0165 jednotiek na reakciu vo\u010di n\u00e1siliu v\u00a0ter\u00e9ne. Tento mand\u00e1t neodzrkad\u013eoval realitu konfliktu a\u00a0viedol k\u00a0nes\u00faladu medzi o\u010dak\u00e1vaniami medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho spolo\u010denstva a\u00a0skuto\u010dn\u00fdmi schopnos\u0165ami misie.<a name=\"_ftnref24\" href=\"#_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> Tento rozpor je pod\u013ea n\u00e1s k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd faktor pre pochopenie a\u00a0hodnotenie mierovej misie OSN v\u00a0Bosne a\u00a0Hercegovine. \u00a0Nejasne definovan\u00e9 ciele, obmedzen\u00e9 pr\u00e1vomoci a\u00a0nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 zdroje sp\u00f4sobili, \u017ee UNPROFOR sa \u010dasto nach\u00e1dzal v\u00a0poz\u00edcii pas\u00edvneho pozorovate\u013ea n\u00e1silia.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Anal\u00fdza efektivity misie UNPROFOR<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deklarovan\u00e9 ciele tejto misie vych\u00e1dzali prim\u00e1rne z&nbsp;rezol\u00faci\u00ed Bezpe\u010dnostnej rady OSN a&nbsp;taktie\u017e z&nbsp;postupne sa roz\u0161iruj\u00faceho mand\u00e1tu misie.&nbsp; P\u00f4vodne mala UNPROFOR za cie\u013e ur\u010den\u00e9 prispievanie k&nbsp;stabiliz\u00e1ci\u00ed situ\u00e1cie v&nbsp;b\u00fdvalej Juhosl\u00e1vii, konkr\u00e9tne v&nbsp;Chorv\u00e1tsku, pri\u010dom jej \u00falohy sa nesk\u00f4r roz\u0161\u00edrili aj na \u00fazemie Bosny a&nbsp;Hercegoviny. Medzi hlavn\u00e9 deklarovan\u00e9 ciele patrili napr\u00edklad ochrana humanit\u00e1rnych konvojov, zabezpe\u010denie dod\u00e1vok hmotnej pomoci a&nbsp;podpora medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch humanit\u00e1rnych organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed p\u00f4sobiacich v&nbsp;regi\u00f3ne.<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010eal\u0161\u00edm deklarovan\u00fdm cie\u013eom misie bolo aj monitorovanie a&nbsp;podpora dodr\u017eiavania pr\u00edmer\u00ed medzi bojuj\u00facimi stranami. UNPROFOR mala p\u00f4sobi\u0165 ako neutr\u00e1lny sprostredkovate\u013e a&nbsp;prispieva\u0165 k&nbsp;zmierneniu n\u00e1silia svojou pr\u00edtomnos\u0165ou v&nbsp;konfliktn\u00fdch oblastiach. Predpokladalo sa, \u017ee pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 jednotiek Organiz\u00e1cie spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov prispeje k&nbsp;obmedzeniu n\u00e1silia a&nbsp;vytvor\u00ed priestor pre politick\u00e9 rokovania a&nbsp;ukon\u010denie konfliktu.<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nesk\u00f4r sa mand\u00e1t roz\u0161\u00edril a&nbsp;zah\u0155\u0148al aj ochranu bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00f3n, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eili ako \u00fato\u010disko pre civiln\u00e9 obyvate\u013estvo. &nbsp;T\u00fdmto krokom chcelo OSN deklarova\u0165 ich amb\u00edciu zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 mieru n\u00e1silia vo\u010di civilistom a&nbsp;takto obmedzi\u0165 eskal\u00e1cii konfliktu. Ofici\u00e1lne dokumenty OSN prezentovali UNPROFOR ako n\u00e1stroj pre stabiliz\u00e1ciu a&nbsp;humanit\u00e1rnu ochranu v&nbsp;prebiehaj\u00facom konflikte. Jej mand\u00e1t v\u0161ak nepo\u010d\u00edtal s&nbsp;akt\u00edvnym presadzovan\u00edm mieru vojensk\u00fdmi prostriedkami.<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Re\u00e1lne v\u00fdsledky<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Re\u00e1lne v\u00fdsledky p\u00f4sobenia misie UNPROFOR v&nbsp;Bosne a&nbsp;Hercegovine boli rozporupln\u00e9 a&nbsp;zna\u010dne z\u00e1visl\u00e9 od oblasti p\u00f4sobenia a&nbsp;obdobia nasadenia. Misia na jednej strane prispela k&nbsp;umo\u017eneniu pr\u00edsunu humanit\u00e1rnej pomoci a&nbsp;v&nbsp;niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch zohr\u00e1vala stabiliza\u010dn\u00fa \u00falohu pri lok\u00e1lnych pr\u00edmeriach. Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 peacekeepingov\u00fdch jednotiek mala z\u00e1rove\u0148 aj ur\u010dit\u00fd odstra\u0161uj\u00faci \u00fa\u010dinok. To v&nbsp;obmedzen\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch prispelo k&nbsp;zmierneniu n\u00e1silia.<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na druhej strane v\u0161ak UNPROFOR nebol schopn\u00fd systematicky zabra\u0148ova\u0165 eskal\u00e1cii ozbrojen\u00e9ho n\u00e1silia ani ochra\u0148ova\u0165 civiln\u00e9 obyvate\u013estvo v&nbsp;ka\u017edej oblasti svojho p\u00f4sobenia. Zlyhanie ochrany bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00f3n a&nbsp;pokra\u010duj\u00face obliehanie miest pouk\u00e1zali na neschopnos\u0165 vykonania deklarovan\u00fdch cie\u013eov. UNPROFOR bola \u010dasto stavan\u00e1 do poz\u00edcie pas\u00edvneho pozorovate\u013ea konfliktu, bez dostato\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov na presadzovanie svojho mand\u00e1tu.<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a> <a name=\"_Toc218286988\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tieto sk\u00fasenosti zna\u010dne ovplyvnili vn\u00edmanie efektivity misie UNPROFOR a&nbsp;stali sa predmetom odbornej diskusie ako nazna\u010duj\u00fa autori publik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sme sk\u00famali. Re\u00e1lne v\u00fdsledky takto v&nbsp;porovnan\u00ed s&nbsp;deklarovan\u00fdmi cie\u013emi misie Organiz\u00e1cie spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov pouk\u00e1zali na rozdiel medzi politick\u00fdmi amb\u00edciami medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch \u010dlenov OSN a&nbsp;praktick\u00fdmi mo\u017enos\u0165ami mierov\u00fdch s\u00edl, ktor\u00e9 sa ocitli na komplexnom a&nbsp;nestabilnom bojisku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Limity a\u00a0probl\u00e9my<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hlavn\u00fdm limitom misie bol jej mand\u00e1t. Ten bol v\u00fdsledkom zna\u010dn\u00fdch kompromisov v&nbsp;Bezpe\u010dnostnej rade OSN. Limitovan\u00e9 pou\u017eitie sily a&nbsp;d\u00f4raz na nestrannos\u0165 zna\u010dne s\u0165a\u017eovali schopnos\u0165 misie reagovanie na poru\u0161ovanie pr\u00edmer\u00ed a&nbsp;na n\u00e1silie vo\u010di civilistom.<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a> Tento kontrast medzi mand\u00e1tom a&nbsp;realitou konfliktu je opakovane spom\u00ednan\u00fd a&nbsp;kritizovan\u00fd naprie\u010d odbornou literat\u00farou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samotnou kateg\u00f3riou boli aj bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00f3ny ur\u010den\u00e9 pre ochranu civilistov. Vo svojej knihe Findlay kon\u0161tatuje zav\u00e1dzanie bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00f3n a&nbsp;pou\u017eitie sily na ich obranu takto: \u201e<em>Pou\u010den\u00edm z&nbsp;bosnianskeho konfliktu je, \u017ee bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00f3ny by nemali by\u0165 vyhlasovan\u00e9, pokia\u013e nie s\u00fa jednozna\u010dne vymedzen\u00e9, presne ohrani\u010den\u00e9, demilitarizovan\u00e9, overite\u013en\u00e9 a&nbsp;\u00fa\u010dinne chr\u00e1nen\u00e9. Rovnako by nemali by\u0165 vyhlasovan\u00e9 ani vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00e9 z\u00f3ny, pokia\u013e nie s\u00fa jasne charakterizovan\u00e9 a&nbsp;pokia\u013e overovanie dodr\u017eiavania ich re\u017eimu nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 z&nbsp;fyzick\u00e9ho ani politick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska. V&nbsp;opa\u010dnom pr\u00edpade bude pou\u017eitie sily na obranu a&nbsp;presadzovanie tak\u00fdchto z\u00f3n a&nbsp;oblast\u00ed svojvo\u013en\u00e9 a&nbsp;neefekt\u00edvne, nebude ma\u0165 odstra\u0161uj\u00faci \u00fa\u010dinok, a&nbsp;m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 a\u017e k&nbsp;sebaobmedzovaniu jej uplat\u0148ovania.\u201c<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010eal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom bola zlo\u017eit\u00e1 opera\u010dn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia v&nbsp;Bosne a&nbsp;Hercegovine. Ako sme u\u017e spomenuli v&nbsp;predo\u0161l\u00fdch kapitol\u00e1ch, jej charakteristick\u00fdmi \u010drtami boli fragmentovan\u00e9 bojuj\u00face strany, nejasn\u00e9 frontov\u00e9 l\u00ednie a&nbsp;absencia politickej dohody. Misia p\u00f4sobila v&nbsp;prostred\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 nebolo vhodn\u00e9 pre tradi\u010dn\u00fd model udr\u017eiavania mieru. Efektivitu taktie\u017e v\u00fdrazne obmedzovali nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 a&nbsp;politick\u00e9 prostriedky, ktor\u00e9 mohla vyu\u017ei\u0165 na presadzovanie svojich cie\u013eov. Tieto limity nesk\u00f4r prispeli k&nbsp;prehodnoteniu misie a&nbsp;pr\u00edstupu medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho spolo\u010denstva a&nbsp;k&nbsp;nasadeniu v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej misie IFOR pod veden\u00edm NATO.<a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1ver<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OSN ako in\u0161tit\u00facia bola vytvoren\u00e1 s\u00a0cie\u013eom udr\u017eiava\u0165 medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd mier a\u00a0bezpe\u010dnos\u0165, pri\u010dom sa ako k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd org\u00e1n na vykon\u00e1vanie t\u00fdchto poslan\u00ed uk\u00e1zala Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e1 rada OSN. Jej proces rozhodovania je ovplyvnen\u00fd permanentn\u00fdmi \u010dlenmi a\u00a0ich schopnos\u0165ou veta, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k\u00a0formul\u00e1ci\u00ed nejasn\u00fdch a\u00a0kompromisn\u00fdch mand\u00e1tov. Text pouk\u00e1zal aj na v\u00fdvoj mierov\u00fdch misi\u00ed OSN od tradi\u010dn\u00e9ho modelu, ktor\u00fd bol zalo\u017een\u00fd na nestrannosti a\u00a0obmedzen\u00ed pou\u017eitia sily a\u017e po komplexn\u00e9 prostredie vn\u00fatro\u0161t\u00e1tnych konfliktov, kde sa zvy\u0161ovali o\u010dak\u00e1vania na ich \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 no bez zv\u00fd\u0161enia podpory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Konflikt v\u00a0Bosne a\u00a0Hercegovine, ktor\u00fd vypukol na pozad\u00ed etnickej a\u00a0politickej fragment\u00e1cie po rozpade Juhosl\u00e1vie. Konflikt sa premenil na viacstrann\u00fa vojnu sprev\u00e1dzan\u00fa n\u00e1sil\u00edm, etnick\u00fdmi \u010distkami a\u00a0\u0161t\u00e1tnym kolapsom. OSN reagovala z\u00a0po\u010diatku v\u00e1havo a\u00a0nekoordinovane, \u010do sa odrazilo aj na prv\u00fdch opatreniach, ktor\u00e9 nepriniesli badate\u013en\u00e9 zlep\u0161enie. V\u00a0tejto komplexnej atmosf\u00e9re bola vytvoren\u00e1 mierov\u00e1 misia UNPROFOR. S\u00a0p\u00f4vodn\u00fdm ur\u010den\u00edm pre Chorv\u00e1tsko, jej mand\u00e1t bol roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fd na Bosnu a\u00a0Hercegovinu bez pr\u00edtomnosti stabiln\u00e9ho pr\u00edmeria, \u010do bolo v\u00a0protiklade s\u00a0tradi\u010dn\u00fdm pon\u00edman\u00edm monitorovacieho peacekeepingu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hoci mala misia \u010diasto\u010dn\u00fd \u00faspech pri zabezpe\u010dovan\u00ed humanit\u00e1rnej pomoci a\u00a0obmedzen\u00fd stabiliza\u010dn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinok v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch oblastiach, jej schopnos\u0165 zabra\u0148ova\u0165 eskal\u00e1ci\u00e1m bola\u00a0 obmedzen\u00e1. Ako hlavn\u00e9 limity sa uk\u00e1zali nejednozna\u010dn\u00fd mand\u00e1t, obmedzenie pou\u017eitia sily, nedostatok jednotiek a\u00a0vybavenia a\u00a0komplikovan\u00e9 opera\u010dn\u00e9 prostredie. Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm prejavom t\u00fdchto limitov bolo zlyhanie pri ochrane bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00f3n, \u010do naru\u0161ilo reput\u00e1ciu misie ako aj celkov\u00fa d\u00f4veru v\u00a0mierov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na z\u00e1klade anal\u00fdzy m\u00f4\u017eeme kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.OSN a&nbsp;jej mierov\u00e9 misie pre\u0161li z\u00e1sadn\u00fdm v\u00fdvojom, no pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00fa politick\u00e9 obmedzenia, ktor\u00e9 ved\u00fa k&nbsp;mand\u00e1tom, ktor\u00e9 nereflektuj\u00fa realitu konfliktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.Konflikt v&nbsp;Bosne a&nbsp;Hercegovine vznikol ako d\u00f4sledok kombin\u00e1cie historick\u00fdch, politick\u00fdch a&nbsp;etnick\u00fdch faktorov, pri\u010dom OSN reagovala oneskorene a&nbsp;s&nbsp;nedostato\u010dnou koordin\u00e1ciou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.UNPROFOR dosiahla iba \u010diastkov\u00e9 \u00faspechy, najm\u00e4 v&nbsp;oblasti humanit\u00e1rnej pomoci. Vzh\u013eadom na svoj mand\u00e1t, kapacity a&nbsp;charakter konfliktu v\u0161ak misia nebola schopn\u00e1 zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 rastu n\u00e1silia a&nbsp;nebola schopn\u00e1 obr\u00e1ni\u0165 civiln\u00e9 obyvate\u013estvo v&nbsp;predpokladanom rozsahu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hoci teda zodpovedanie ot\u00e1zok pouk\u00e1zalo na ur\u010dit\u00e9 pozit\u00edvne pr\u00edspevky misie, v\u00fdsledky jednozna\u010dne ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee UNPROFOR nedok\u00e1zala naplno splni\u0165 svoju \u00falohu pri zabra\u0148ovan\u00ed eskal\u00e1ci\u00e1m konfliktu v&nbsp;Bosne a&nbsp;Hercegovine. S\u00fa\u010dasne v\u0161ak poskytla d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pou\u010denia pre bud\u00face oper\u00e1cie Organiz\u00e1cie spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov, a&nbsp;to najm\u00e4 potrebu realisticky formulovan\u00fdch mand\u00e1tov, jednozna\u010dn\u00fdch pravidiel nasadenia sily a&nbsp;primeranej vojenskej a&nbsp;politickej podpory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zoznam pou\u017eitej literat\u00fary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BAUMANN, Robert F. From UNPROFOR to IFOR. In: BAUMANN, Robert F., GAWRYCH, George W., KRETCHIK, Walter E. Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2004, s. 37-57. ISBN 978-1505364699.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BAUMANN, Robert F., GAWRYCH, George W., KRETCHIK, Walter E. Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2004,&nbsp; ISBN 978-1505364699.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BELLAMY, Alex J., WILLIAMS, Paul D. Trends in Peace Operations, 1947-2013. In: KOOPS, Joachim A., MACQUEEN, N., TARDY, T. a&nbsp;WILLIAMS, Paul D. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015, s. 13-43. ISBN 978-0-19-968604-9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e1 rada organiz\u00e1cie spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov. <em>Funkcie a pr\u00e1vomoci.<\/em> [online].[cit.25-12-2025].Dostupn\u00e9na: <a href=\"https:\/\/main.un.org\/securitycouncil\/en\/content\/functions-and-powers\">https:\/\/main.un.org\/securitycouncil\/en\/content\/functions-and-powers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">FINDLAY, T. The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations. USA: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-829282-1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GAWRYCH, George W. Bosnian Truths. In: BAUMANN, Robert F., GAWRYCH, George W., KRETCHIK, Walter E. Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2004, s. 1-31. ISBN 978-1505364699.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">KOOPS, Joachim A., MACQUEEN, N., TARDY, T. \u00a0a\u00a0WILLIAMS, Paul D. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-968604-9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organiz\u00e1cia spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov Charta Organiz\u00e1cie spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov 1945. [online]. [cit. 25-12-2025]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/un-charter\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/un-charter<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TARDY, T. United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR \u2013 Bosnia-Herzegoina). In: KOOPS, Joachim A., MACQUEEN, N., TARDY, T. a&nbsp;WILLIAMS, Paul D. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015, s. 383-395. ISBN 978-0-19-968604-9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">WHITE, Nigel D. Peacekeeping and International Law. In: KOOPS, Joachim A., MACQUEEN, N., TARDY, T. a&nbsp;WILLIAMS, Paul D. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015, s. 43-60. ISBN 978-0-19-968604-9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> KOOPS, Joachim A. et. al. The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015, s. 1-13<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> KOOPS, ref. 1, s. 1-13<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> TARDY, T. United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR \u2013 Bosnia-Herzegoina). In: KOOPS, Joachim A. et. al. &nbsp;The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015, s. 383-395.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> KOOPS, ref.1 , s. 1-13.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Organiz\u00e1cia spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov Charta Organiz\u00e1cie spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov 1945. [online]. [cit. 25-12-2025]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/un-charter\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/un-charter<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Organiz\u00e1cia spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov, ref. 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e1 rada organiz\u00e1cie spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov. Funkcie a pr\u00e1vomoci. [online].[cit.25-12-2025].Dostupn\u00e9 na: <a href=\"https:\/\/main.un.org\/securitycouncil\/en\/content\/functions-and-powers\">https:\/\/main.un.org\/securitycouncil\/en\/content\/functions-and-powers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Organiz\u00e1cia spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov, ref.5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> KOOPS, ref.1, s. 1-13.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> WHITE, Nigel D. Peacekeeping and International Law. In: KOOPS, Joachim A. et. al. The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015, s. 43-60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> BELLAMY, Alex J., WILLIAMS, Paul D. Trends in Peace Operations, 1947-2013. In: KOOPS, Joachim A. et. al. The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015, s. 13-43.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> BELLAMY, WILLIAMS, ref. 11, s. 13-43.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> BELLAMY,WILLIAMS, ref. 11, s. 30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> BELLAMY, WILLIAMS, ref. 11, s.13-43.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0<a name=\"_ftn15\" href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> GAWRYCH, George W. Bosnian Truths. In: BAUMANN, Robert F., GAWRYCH, George W., KRETCHIK, Walter E. Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2004, s. 1-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> GAWRYCH, ref. 15, s. 1-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> GAWRYCH, ref. 15, s. 1-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0<a name=\"_ftn18\" href=\"#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a> FINDLAY, T. The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations. USA: Oxford University Press, 2002. s. 130-142.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> FINDLAY, ref. 18, s. 130-142.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> BAUMANN, Robert F. From UNPROFOR to IFOR. In: BAUMANN, Robert F., GAWRYCH, George W., KRETCHIK, Walter E. Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2004, s. 37-57.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> BAUMANN, ref. 20, s. 37-57.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> FINDLAY, ref. 18, s. 227.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> BAUMANN, ref. 20, s. 37.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> FINDLAY, ref. 18, s. 130-142.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> FINDLAY, ref. 18, s. 219-231.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> TARDY, ref. 3, s. 383-395.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> TARDY, ref. 3, s. 383-395.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> BAUMANN, ref. 20, s. 37-57.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> FINDLAY, ref. 18, s. 219-231.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> TARDY, ref. 3, s. 383-395.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> FINDLAY, ref. 18, s. 266.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> BAUMANN, ref. 20, s. 37-57.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Organiz\u00e1cia Spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov zohr\u00e1va od skon\u010denia druhej svetovej vojny k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu, a to v oblasti udr\u017eiavania mezin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho mieru a bezpe\u010dnosti. Vznik OSN bol priamou rekaciou na sk\u00fasenosti s glob\u00e1lnym ozbrojen\u00fdm konfliktom. Jedn\u00fdm z hlavn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov, v\u010faka ktor\u00fdm OSN reguje na ozbrojen\u00e9 konflikty, s\u00fa mierov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie. Ich podoba a rozsah sa v priebehu \u010dasu v\u00fdrazne menili.[1] [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1460","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Efektivita misie UNPROFOR po\u010das konfliktu v Bosne a Hercegovine - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1460\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Efektivita misie UNPROFOR po\u010das konfliktu v Bosne a Hercegovine - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Organiz\u00e1cia Spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov zohr\u00e1va od skon\u010denia druhej svetovej vojny k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu, a to v oblasti udr\u017eiavania mezin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho mieru a bezpe\u010dnosti. Vznik OSN bol priamou rekaciou na sk\u00fasenosti s glob\u00e1lnym ozbrojen\u00fdm konfliktom. Jedn\u00fdm z hlavn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov, v\u010faka ktor\u00fdm OSN reguje na ozbrojen\u00e9 konflikty, s\u00fa mierov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie. Ich podoba a rozsah sa v priebehu \u010dasu v\u00fdrazne menili.[1] [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1460\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-06-05T19:49:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-07-29T20:14:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Martin Tirp\u00e1k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Autor\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Martin Tirp\u00e1k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Predpokladan\u00fd \u010das \u010d\u00edtania\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"17 min\u00fat\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=1460#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=1460\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Martin Tirp\u00e1k\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/48f7401ad91a7cfa82bb482827932a24\"},\"headline\":\"Efektivita misie UNPROFOR po\u010das konfliktu v Bosne a Hercegovine\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-06-05T19:49:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-07-29T20:14:46+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=1460\"},\"wordCount\":4081,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"ANAL\u00ddZY\"],\"inLanguage\":\"sk-SK\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=1460#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=1460\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.repub.sk\\\/?p=1460\",\"name\":\"Efektivita misie UNPROFOR po\u010das konfliktu v Bosne a Hercegovine - 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