{"id":1339,"date":"2025-01-31T16:54:07","date_gmt":"2025-01-31T15:54:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1339"},"modified":"2025-02-01T17:16:32","modified_gmt":"2025-02-01T16:16:32","slug":"vplyv-migracnej-krizy-na-europsku-uniu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1339","title":{"rendered":"Vplyv migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy na Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00davod<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migra\u010dn\u00e1 kr\u00edza, ktor\u00e1 zasiahla Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu v rokoch 2015\u20132020, patr\u00ed medzi najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie v\u00fdzvy modernej eur\u00f3pskej hist\u00f3rie. Mili\u00f3ny \u013eud\u00ed, preva\u017ene z kraj\u00edn Afriky a Bl\u00edzkeho v\u00fdchodu, utekali pred vojnou, chudobou a n\u00e1sil\u00edm s n\u00e1dejou na lep\u0161\u00ed \u017eivot. Tento n\u00e1por v\u0161ak odhalil slab\u00e9 miesta v syst\u00e9me riadenia migr\u00e1cie v E\u00da a vyvolal v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 politick\u00e9, ekonomick\u00e9 a spolo\u010densk\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok sa zameriava na anal\u00fdzu t\u00fdchto aspektov a hodnot\u00ed ich vplyv na smerovanie Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlavn\u00fdm cie\u013eom tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku je presk\u00fama\u0165 vplyv migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy na politick\u00e9 rozhodovanie, integr\u00e1ciu migrantov a fungovanie ekonomiky a spolo\u010dnosti v \u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie. \u010cl\u00e1nok sa tie\u017e sna\u017e\u00ed odpoveda\u0165 na ot\u00e1zku, ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom t\u00e1to kr\u00edza ovplyvnila dlhodob\u00e9 smerovanie E\u00da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdskumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa ak\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 dopady mala migra\u010dn\u00e1 kr\u00edzy na \u010dlensk\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty E\u00da, ak\u00fd bol vplyv kr\u00edzy na soci\u00e1lne vz\u0165ahy a demografick\u00e9 zmeny v E\u00da, a ako sa formovali politick\u00e9 rozhodnutia a legislat\u00edvne \u00fapravy prijat\u00e9 v reakcii na migra\u010dn\u00fa kr\u00edzu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pri spracovan\u00ed tejto t\u00e9my boli vyu\u017eit\u00e9 sekund\u00e1rne zdroje, vr\u00e1tane odborn\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nkov, spr\u00e1v eur\u00f3pskych in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed a \u0161tatistick\u00fdch \u00fadajov. Tieto zdroje poskytuj\u00fa podklady na anal\u00fdzu dopadov migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy v politickej, ekonomickej a soci\u00e1lnej oblasti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cl\u00e1nok je rozdelen\u00fd do troch \u010dast\u00ed. V\u00a0prvej \u010dasti uv\u00e1dzame teoretick\u00fd r\u00e1mec, ktor\u00fd zah\u0155\u0148a koncepty migr\u00e1cie , jej te\u00f3rie a taktie\u017e pr\u00ed\u010diny a reakcie. Druh\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 sa zameriava na ekonomick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1lne efekty, a\u00a0to na vplyv na trh pr\u00e1ce a verejn\u00e9 financie. Taktie\u017e aj na demografick\u00e9 zmeny a interakcie medzi migrantmi a dom\u00e1cimi obyvate\u013emi. Tretia \u010das\u0165 analyzuje politick\u00e9 zmeny, a\u00a0tie zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa legislat\u00edvne \u00fapravy a postoje politick\u00fdch str\u00e1n. Z\u00e1ver obsahuje zhrnutie hlavn\u00fdch zisten\u00ed a odpove\u010f na v\u00fdskumn\u00fa ot\u00e1zku o formovan\u00ed situ\u00e1cie v Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanii po\u010das migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teoretick\u00fd r\u00e1mec a\u00a0migr\u00e1cia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teoretick\u00fd r\u00e1mec je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd pre pochopenie z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch pojmov a te\u00f3ri\u00ed migr\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia ako v\u00fdchodiskov\u00fd bod pre anal\u00fdzu migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy a jej dopadov na Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu. V tejto \u010dasti sa zameriame na defin\u00edcie k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch pojmov a te\u00f3ri\u00ed migr\u00e1cie, ako aj na pr\u00ed\u010diny a reakcie spojen\u00e9 s migra\u010dnou kr\u00edzou, ktor\u00e1 zasiahla Eur\u00f3pu v roku 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Defin\u00edcie a\u00a0koncepty migr\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migr\u00e1cia <\/strong>sa pod\u013ea Medzin\u00e1rodnej organiz\u00e1cie pre migr\u00e1ciu (IOM), definuje ako \u00a0pohyb os\u00f4b v\u00a0geografickom a\u00a0soci\u00e1lnom priestore, ktor\u00fd je spojen\u00fd s\u00a0prechodnou alebo trvalou zmenou miesta pobytu, pri\u010dom jednotlivci alebo skupiny op\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa svoje rodn\u00e9 miesto a\u00a0h\u013eadaj\u00fa lep\u0161\u00ed \u017eivot na inom mieste. \u00a0<\/sup>IOM del\u00ed migr\u00e1ciu na tieto typy: zahrani\u010dn\u00e1<\/strong>-pohyb os\u00f4b medzi r\u00f4znymi \u0161t\u00e1tmi vn\u00fatorn\u00e1<\/strong>-pohyb os\u00f4b v\u00a0r\u00e1mci jedn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu dobrovo\u013en\u00e1<\/strong>-pohyb os\u00f4b z\u00a0vlastnej v\u00f4le n\u00faten\u00e1<\/strong>-pohyb os\u00f4b v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku kr\u00edz, ktor\u00e9 ich n\u00fatia opusti\u0165 krajinu leg\u00e1lna<\/strong>-teda prekro\u010denie hranice krajiny s\u00a0platn\u00fdmi cestovn\u00fdmi dokladmi neleg\u00e1lna-<\/strong>neopr\u00e1vnen\u00fd vstup alebo pobyt na \u00fazem\u00ed krajiny bez potrebn\u00fdch dokladov, alebo po uplynut\u00ed ich platnosti dlhodob\u00e1<\/strong>-presun os\u00f4b do inej krajiny na obdobie minim\u00e1lne jedn\u00e9ho roka kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1<\/strong>-presun na obdobie dlh\u0161ie ako tri mesiace, ale krat\u0161ie ako jeden rok ,s v\u00fdnimkami dovoleniek, n\u00e1v\u0161tev priate\u013eov a\u00a0rodiny, lie\u010denie \u010di n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u00fate.[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Je potrebn\u00e9 definova\u0165 aj \u010fal\u0161ie d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pojmy. Emigr\u00e1cia <\/strong>ozna\u010duje proces opustenia krajiny a\u00a0pres\u0165ahovania sa do inej krajiny, zatia\u013e \u010do imigr\u00e1cia<\/strong> znamen\u00e1 pr\u00edchod osoby do inej krajiny za \u00fa\u010delom trval\u00e9ho pobytu. Pojem integr\u00e1cia<\/strong> znamen\u00e1 proces \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9ho za\u010dlenenia sa do novej spolo\u010dnosti a\u00a0kult\u00fary, pri\u010dom \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e1 integr\u00e1cia zah\u0155\u0148a prisp\u00f4sobenie sa ekonomick\u00fdm, politick\u00fdm, soci\u00e1lnym a\u00a0kult\u00farnym norm\u00e1m krajiny, do ktorej osoba migruje.[2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Slov\u00e1 \u00a0„migrant“, “ imigrant“ a \u00a0„ute\u010denec“ sa \u010dasto zamie\u0148aj\u00fa, no ka\u017ed\u00e9 z\u00a0t\u00fdchto slov m\u00e1 \u0161pecifick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Pod\u013ea defin\u00edcie OSN je migrant osoba, ktor\u00e1 z\u00a0ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek d\u00f4vodu opustila svoju krajinu a\u00a0pres\u0165ahovala sa do inej krajiny na obdobie najmenej troch mesiacov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00a0slovenskej legislat\u00edve sa v\u0161ak namiesto pojmu “ migrant“ pou\u017e\u00edva term\u00edn \u00a0„cudzinec“.Pod\u013ea Z\u00e1kona o\u00a0pobyte cudzincov, bez oh\u013eadu na \u010d.404\/2011 Z. z. je cudzinec<\/strong> ka\u017ed\u00e1 osoba, ktor\u00e1 nie je \u0161t\u00e1tnym ob\u010danom Slovenskej republiky. Tento term\u00edn zah\u0155\u0148a v\u0161etky osoby, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na \u00fazem\u00ed Slovenska, a\u00a0to vr\u00e1tan\u00e9 migrantov, imigrantov, ute\u010dencov a\u00a0\u010fal\u0161\u00edch cudzincov, bez oh\u013eadu na d\u00f4vod ich pobytu. Pod\u013ea Medzin\u00e1rodnej organiz\u00e1cie pre migr\u00e1ciu \u00a0(IOM) je imigrant<\/strong> osoba, ktor\u00e1 sa pres\u0165ahovala do ur\u010dit\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu s\u00a0\u00famyslom usadi\u0165 sa v\u00a0\u0148om na dobu dlh\u0161iu ako jeden rok, a\u00a0emigrant<\/strong> je osoba, ktor\u00e1 op\u00fa\u0161\u0165a svoju krajinu s\u00a0\u00famyslom usadi\u0165 sa v\u00a0inom \u0161t\u00e1te na dlh\u0161\u00ed \u010das, tie\u017e na obdobie dlh\u0161ie ako jeden rok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pojem ute\u010denec<\/strong> je pod\u013ea Ministerstva pr\u00e1ce, soci\u00e1lnych vec\u00ed a\u00a0rodiny Slovenskej republiky cudzinec, ktor\u00fd utek\u00e1 z\u00a0vlastnej krajiny, preto\u017ee je v\u00a0nej prenasledovan\u00fd pod\u013ea d\u00f4vodov uveden\u00fdch v\u00a0Dohovore o\u00a0pr\u00e1vnom postaven\u00ed ute\u010dencov z\u00a0roku 1951 (\u017eenevsk\u00fd dohovor) alebo m\u00e1 opr\u00e1vnen\u00e9 obavy, \u017ee bude prenasledovan\u00fd, a\u00a0vzh\u013eadom na\u00a0 tieto obavy sa nem\u00f4\u017ee alebo nechce vr\u00e1ti\u0165 do vlastnej krajiny.[3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00a0slovenskom pr\u00e1vnom poriadku bol pojem „ute\u010denec“ nahraden\u00fd term\u00ednom \u00a0„azylant“. Pod\u013ea Z\u00e1kona \u010d.480\/2002 Z. z. o\u00a0azyle je azylantom cudzinec, ktor\u00e9mu Ministerstvo vn\u00fatra Slovenskej republiky udelilo azyl z\u00a0d\u00f4vodov uveden\u00fdch v\u00a0medzin\u00e1rodnej zmluve.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Te\u00f3rie migr\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania ako cie\u013eov\u00e1 destin\u00e1cia poskytuje priestor na aplik\u00e1ciu t\u00fdchto te\u00f3ri\u00ed, \u010do je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 na anal\u00fdzu migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy. V tejto podkapitole\u00a0 objasn\u00edme jednotliv\u00e9 te\u00f3rie migr\u00e1cie a\u00a0to pod\u013ea autorky Ewy Moravskej a\u00a0jej pr\u00e1ce „Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e1 migr\u00e1cia: Jej r\u00f4zne mechanizmy a te\u00f3rie“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Model \u00b4\u00b4push and pull\u00b4\u00b4 vysvet\u013euje migr\u00e1ciu ako d\u00f4sledok nerovnov\u00e1hy medzi regi\u00f3nmi v ponuke a dopyte po pracovnej sile, \u010do vedie k mzdov\u00fdm rozdielom. V menej rozvinut\u00fdch oblastiach (push) je nedostatok pracovn\u00fdch pr\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed a n\u00edzke mzdy, \u010do n\u00fati \u013eud\u00ed migrova\u0165. Naopak, v rozvinut\u00fdch oblastiach (pull) je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed dopyt po pr\u00e1ci a vy\u0161\u0161ie mzdy, \u010do migrantov pri\u0165ahuje a l\u00e1ka. Te\u00f3ria segmentovan\u00e9ho trhu pr\u00e1ce sa l\u00ed\u0161i t\u00fdm, \u017ee nepredpoklad\u00e1 migr\u00e1ciu na z\u00e1klade ekonomick\u00fdch nerovnov\u00e1h, ale zameriava sa na dopyt po pracovnej sile v rozvinut\u00fdch ekonomik\u00e1ch. Rozli\u0161uje medzi vysoko kvalifikovan\u00fdmi a n\u00edzkopr\u00edjmov\u00fdmi pracovn\u00fdmi miestami, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa obsadzovan\u00e9 migrantmi z menej rozvinut\u00fdch kraj\u00edn.[5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Model svetov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu vysvet\u013euje migr\u00e1ciu ako d\u00f4sledok glob\u00e1lnej kapitalistickej ekonomiky rozdelenej na rozvinut\u00e9 jadro a menej rozvit\u00fa perif\u00e9riu. Migr\u00e1cie vznikaj\u00fa z probl\u00e9mov v perif\u00e9rnych ekonomik\u00e1ch, najm\u00e4 medzi b\u00fdval\u00fdmi kol\u00f3niami a ich metropolami. Okrem pracovn\u00fdch migrantov zah\u0155\u0148a aj ute\u010dencov ktor\u00fdch pohyby s\u00fa ovplyvnen\u00e9 politick\u00fdmi a vojensk\u00fdmi z\u00e1sahmi.[6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Model politickej ekon\u00f3mie sa zameriava na politick\u00e9 faktory, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa migr\u00e1ciu, ako migra\u010dn\u00e9 politiky , predpisy o vstupe, pobyte a pr\u00e1ci. Tento pr\u00edstup tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee politick\u00e9 rozhodnutia maj\u00fa z\u00e1sadn\u00fd vplyv na migra\u010dn\u00e9 toky, ako napr\u00edklad ukazuje program Bracero v USA, ktor\u00fd umo\u017enil dovoz po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych pracovn\u00edkov z Mexika. Na mikro\u00farovni sa predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee jednotlivci v n\u00edzkopr\u00edjmov\u00fdch regi\u00f3noch sa rozhoduj\u00fa o migr\u00e1cii na z\u00e1klade o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fdch miezd a n\u00e1kladov na pres\u00eddlenie. Migr\u00e1cia pokra\u010duje, k\u00fdm sa mzdy v odosielaj\u00facich regi\u00f3noch nezv\u00fd\u0161ia a v prij\u00edmaj\u00facich oblastiach neklesn\u00fa. Medzi tieto te\u00f3rie patria: te\u00f3ria \u013eudsk\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu, model novej ekon\u00f3mie migr\u00e1cie, te\u00f3ria soci\u00e1lnych sieti a model kumulat\u00edvnej kauz\u00e1cie migr\u00e1cie.[7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Te\u00f3ria \u013eudsk\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee migr\u00e1cia z\u00e1vis\u00ed od individu\u00e1lnych faktorov ako vek, pohlavie, vzdelanie a zru\u010dnosti. Migr\u00e1cia je motivovan\u00e1 nedostatkom pr\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed v krajine p\u00f4vodu a vedie k „brain drain“, (odliv mozgov)\u00a0 z kraj\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 nevedia splni\u0165 o\u010dak\u00e1vania. Model novej ekon\u00f3mie migr\u00e1cie sa zameriava sa dom\u00e1cnosti ako rozhodovacie jednotky, ktor\u00e9 migruj\u00fa na zn\u00ed\u017eenie rizika pr\u00edjmu a neistoty. Migr\u00e1cia je ovplyvnen\u00e1 \u017eivotnou etapou rodiny, potrebami det\u00ed, zdrav\u00edm a soci\u00e1lnym postaven\u00edm v komunite. [8]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Te\u00f3ria soci\u00e1lnych siet\u00ed sa s\u00fastred\u00ed na faktory, ktor\u00e9 podporuj\u00fa migr\u00e1ciu, ako osobn\u00e9 (pr\u00edbuzensk\u00e9, priate\u013esk\u00e9) a in\u0161titucion\u00e1lne siete (napr. etnick\u00e9 cirkvi). Tieto zni\u017euj\u00fa rizik\u00e1 migr\u00e1cie\u00a0 zvy\u0161uj\u00fa jej v\u00fdnosy , \u010do podporuje pokra\u010dovanie migr\u00e1cie. Model kumulat\u00edvnej kauz\u00e1cie migr\u00e1cie tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee migr\u00e1cia pokra\u010duje, preto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd pohyb zvy\u0161uje pravdepodobnos\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ieho. Faktory ako distrib\u00facia pr\u00edjmov, p\u00f4dy po\u013enohospod\u00e1rska v\u00fdroba a kult\u00fara migr\u00e1cie vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa kumulat\u00edvny efekt, ktor\u00fd podporuje \u010fal\u0161iu migr\u00e1ciu, aj ke\u010f sa podmienky v krajine p\u00f4vodu zlep\u0161ia.[9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tieto r\u00f4zne te\u00f3rie migr\u00e1cie pon\u00fakaj\u00fa rozmanit\u00e9 perspekt\u00edvy na pr\u00ed\u010diny migra\u010dn\u00fdch pohybov. Pochopenie t\u00fdchto te\u00f3ri\u00ed je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre anal\u00fdzu vplyvu migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy na Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu, ke\u010f\u017ee v\u00fdvoj kr\u00edzy je s\u00a0nimi prepojen\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Defin\u00edcia, pr\u00ed\u010diny a\u00a0reakcie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rok 2015 bol rokom, ke\u010f Eur\u00f3pa \u010delila bezprecedentn\u00e9mu pr\u00edlivu ute\u010dencov, najm\u00e4 zo S\u00fdrie, ktor\u00e1 utekala pred vojnou. Mnoh\u00ed sa rozhodli osta\u0165 v bl\u00edzkom regi\u00f3ne, ale nesk\u00f4r sa presunuli do Eur\u00f3py, kde h\u013eadali lep\u0161\u00ed \u017eivot. Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania \u010delila tlaku pri spracov\u00e1van\u00ed \u017eiadost\u00ed o azyl a zabezpe\u010den\u00ed ubytovania. V m\u00e9di\u00e1ch sa objavovali \u0161okuj\u00face z\u00e1bery z humanit\u00e1rnej kr\u00edzy, ktor\u00e1 sa zhor\u0161ila najm\u00e4 na jese\u0148. Eur\u00f3pska komisia sa najprv zamerala na Stredozemn\u00e9 more, aby bojovala proti pa\u0161er\u00e1kom a zachra\u0148ovala migrantov, no nesk\u00f4r sa pozornos\u0165 presunula na trasu cez z\u00e1padn\u00fd Balk\u00e1n, ktor\u00e1 nahradila trasu zo severnej Afriky do Talianska. V lete 2015 migranti preferovali v\u00fdchodn\u00fa trasu, ktor\u00e1 bola krat\u0161ia a bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ia. Z\u00e1padn\u00e1 balk\u00e1nska trasa bola vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 najm\u00e4 migrantmi zo S\u00fdrie a Afganistanu, ktor\u00ed tvorili viac ako 70 % v\u0161etk\u00fdch migrantov. Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania reagovala na t\u00fato kr\u00edzu rozdelen\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Po lete 2015 sa vyostril konflikt medzi v\u00fdchodn\u00fdmi a z\u00e1padn\u00fdmi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00e1tmi t\u00fdkaj\u00faci sa rozdelenia ute\u010dencov. Na niektor\u00fdch hraniciach sa postavili ploty a obnovili sa hrani\u010dn\u00e9 kontroly, pri\u010dom po \u00fatokoch v Par\u00ed\u017ei sa za\u010dala verejn\u00e1 diskusia o migr\u00e1cii a terorizme.[10]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod\u013ea diskusie na plen\u00e1rnom zasadnut\u00ed Eur\u00f3pskeho parlamentu po\u017eiadalo Franc\u00fazsko \u010dlensk\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty E\u00da o pomoc, asistenciu a zdie\u013eanie spravodajsk\u00fdch inform\u00e1cii v boji proti ISIS a to po teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatokoch v Par\u00ed\u017ei 13. novembra 2015. Taktie\u017e vyzvalo na uplatnenie \u010dl\u00e1nku 42. (7) Zmluvy o E\u00da, ktor\u00fd hovor\u00ed \u017ee „v pr\u00edpade, \u017ee sa \u010dlensk\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t stane na svojom \u00fazem\u00ed obe\u0165ou ozbrojenej agresie, ostatn\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty s\u00fa povinn\u00e9 mu poskytn\u00fa\u0165 pomoc a podporu v\u0161etk\u00fdmi dostupn\u00fdmi prostriedkami“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na n\u00e1rodnej \u00farovni niektor\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty E\u00da zmenili svoje legislat\u00edvy t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa azylu, \u010d\u00edm spr\u00edsnili podmienky pre \u017eiadate\u013eov o\u00a0azyl. Ak\u00e9 s\u00fa vlastne pr\u00ed\u010diny migr\u00e1cie?\u00a0 Migr\u00e1cia je ovplyvnen\u00e1 soci\u00e1lno-politick\u00fdmi, demograficko-ekonomick\u00fdmi a environment\u00e1lnymi faktormi. Soci\u00e1lno-politick\u00e9 faktory zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa prenasledovanie a vojny, \u010do vedie k \u00fateku pred poru\u0161ovan\u00edm \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Demografick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 faktory zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa migr\u00e1ciu za lep\u0161\u00edmi pracovn\u00fdmi pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165ami, mzdami a \u017eivotn\u00fdm \u0161tandardom. Environment\u00e1lne faktory, ako pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 katastrofy a klimatick\u00e9 zmeny, n\u00fatia \u013eud\u00ed opusti\u0165 svoje domov\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomick\u00e9 a\u00a0soci\u00e1lne dopady migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy na Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migra\u010dn\u00e1 kr\u00edza v Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanii mala rozsiahly vplyv na ekonomiku a spolo\u010densk\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary \u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov. Po\u010das tejto kr\u00edzy sa vo viacer\u00fdch oblastiach, ako je pracovn\u00fd trh, verejn\u00e9 financie a demografick\u00e9 zmeny, objavili v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy. Cie\u013eom tejto kapitoly je analyzova\u0165, ako migr\u00e1cia ovplyvnila tieto k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 oblasti v r\u00e1mci Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vplyv na pracovn\u00fd trh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migra\u010dn\u00e1 kr\u00edza a postupn\u00e1 integr\u00e1cia migrantov so sebou priniesla mnoh\u00e9 zmeny \u010do sa t\u00fdka ekonomiky v Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanii. V tejto podkapitole sa zameriame na pracovn\u00fd trh a ak\u00e9 dopady na neho mala migr\u00e1cia. Na to, aby sme pochopili zmen\u00e1m a dopadom, je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 definova\u0165, \u010do to je vlastne trh pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Port\u00e1l Eurostat uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee trh pr\u00e1ce je dynamick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd ovplyv\u0148uje zamestnanos\u0165, nezamestnanos\u0165 a\u00a0r\u00f4zne formy pracovn\u00fdch zml\u00fav. Port\u00e1l Eurostat taktie\u017e uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee hlavn\u00fdm eur\u00f3pskym zdrojom inform\u00e1cii o\u00a0trhu pr\u00e1ce je V\u00fdberov\u00e9 zis\u0165ovanie pracovn\u00fdch s\u00edl Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie.[11]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pri sk\u00faman\u00ed obyvate\u013estva vo veku 15 rokov a\u00a0viac sa \u013eudia \u017eij\u00faci v\u00a0s\u00fakromn\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnostiach delia pod\u013ea v\u00fdsledkov tohto prieskumu do troch hlavn\u00fdch kateg\u00f3rii a\u00a0to na pracuj\u00facich, nezamestnan\u00fdch a\u00a0osoby mimo trhu pr\u00e1ce alebo naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 in\u00fdm term\u00ednom a\u00a0to ekonomicky neakt\u00edvne. Pracuj\u00faci a\u00a0nezamestnan\u00ed spolu tvoria tzv. pracovn\u00fa silu. Naopak osoby ,ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa zamestnan\u00e9 a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 si akt\u00edvne neh\u013eadaj\u00fa pr\u00e1cu, patria do skupiny obyvate\u013estva mimo trhu pr\u00e1ce. Do tejto kateg\u00f3rie spadaj\u00fa napr\u00edklad nepracuj\u00faci \u0161tudenti \u010di d\u00f4chodcovia. [12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fdm \u017ee do kraj\u00edn Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie pri\u0161li mili\u00f3ny ute\u010dencov a migrantov, pracovn\u00fd trh bol vo ve\u013ekej miere ovplyvnen\u00fd. \u010co sa t\u00fdka vplyvu migr\u00e1cie na zamestnanos\u0165 a\u00a0nezamestnanos\u0165, migr\u00e1cia zohr\u00e1va na pracovnom trhu v\u00a0Eur\u00f3pe d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu, av\u0161ak jej dopady sa menili v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od historick\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod\u013ea Hoj\u010dkovej, v\u00a0minulosti migr\u00e1cia prispievala k\u00a0obsadzovaniu pracovn\u00fdch miest, \u010d\u00edm pom\u00e1hala stabilizova\u0165 trh pr\u00e1ce. Tento pozit\u00edvny efekt sa prejavil najm\u00e4 v\u00a0sektoroch s\u00a0nedostatkom pracovnej sily, napr\u00edklad v\u00a0stavebn\u00edctve, po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve \u010di zdravotn\u00edctve. Tieto odvetvia \u010dasto \u010delili demografick\u00fdm v\u00fdzvam, ako je starnutie popul\u00e1cie alebo zmen\u0161uj\u00faca pracovn\u00e1 sila a\u00a0migranti poskytovali potrebn\u00e9 rie\u0161enia. S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 masov\u00e1 migr\u00e1cia, ktor\u00e1 zasiahla Eur\u00f3pu od roku 2015, v\u0161ak priniesla nov\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy. Hoj\u010dkov\u00e1 v\u00a0svojej pr\u00e1ci poukazuje na to, \u017ee pr\u00edchod ve\u013ek\u00e9ho po\u010dtu migrantov sp\u00f4sobuje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fa konkurenciu na pracovnom trhu, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k\u00a0rastu nezamestnanosti, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm n\u00edzko kvalifikovan\u00fdmi pracovn\u00edkmi. Tento probl\u00e9m je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00fdrazn\u00fd v\u00a0krajin\u00e1ch, ako je \u0160v\u00e9dsko, kde nezamestnanos\u0165 migrantov v\u00fdrazne prevy\u0161uje nezamestnanos\u0165 dom\u00e1ceho obyvate\u013estva. D\u00f4vody s\u00fa r\u00f4znorod\u00e9 a\u00a0zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa jazykov\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry, n\u00edzku kvalifik\u00e1ciu migrantov, ako aj komplik\u00e1cie pri uzn\u00e1van\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch sk\u00fasenost\u00ed \u010di vzdelania. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm aspektom, ktor\u00fd autorka rozober\u00e1, je polariz\u00e1cia trhu pr\u00e1ce. \u010co znamen\u00e1, \u017ee migr\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k\u00a0rozdeleniu pracovn\u00e9ho trhu, kde dom\u00e1ci obyvatelia a\u00a0migranti \u010delia rozdielnym podmienkam zamestnanosti. T\u00e1to nerovnov\u00e1ha m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 soci\u00e1lne i\u00a0ekonomick\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie.[13]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dopady na verejn\u00e9 financie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migra\u010dn\u00e1 kr\u00edza v\u00a0roku 2015 sp\u00f4sobila kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd n\u00e1rast v\u00fddavkov na verejn\u00e9 financie v\u00a0\u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie, a\u00a0to najm\u00e4 v\u00a0oblastiach ubytovania, zdravotnej starostlivosti, vzdel\u00e1vania a\u00a0bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomick\u00e9 obavy eur\u00f3pskych kraj\u00edn vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa z\u00a0predstavy, \u017ee prijatie ve\u013ek\u00e9ho po\u010dtu ute\u010dencov m\u00f4\u017ee oslabi\u0165 ich ekonomiky. Predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee to zv\u00fd\u0161i nezamestnanos\u0165, pre\u0165a\u017e\u00ed verejn\u00e9 rozpo\u010dty a\u00a0naru\u0161\u00ed kapacitu infra\u0161trukt\u00fary. Aj ke\u010f sa diskusia o\u00a0dlhovej kr\u00edze dostala do \u00fazadia, t\u00e1to kr\u00edza st\u00e1le pretrv\u00e1va, a\u00a0ute\u010deneck\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017ee pod\u013ea niektor\u00fdch e\u0161te viac preh\u013abi\u0165 u\u017e existuj\u00face probl\u00e9my. Napr\u00edklad Gr\u00e9cko, ktor\u00e9 je d\u00f4le\u017eitou vstupnou br\u00e1nou do Eur\u00f3py, \u010del\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dnej \u00falohe rie\u0161i\u0165 ute\u010deneck\u00fa kr\u00edzu, pri\u010dom sa sna\u017e\u00ed splni\u0165 po\u017eiadavky svojho z\u00e1chrann\u00e9ho bal\u00edka. Tento dvojit\u00fd tlak sp\u00f4sobuje pomal\u00fa realiz\u00e1ciu potrebn\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch reforiem. Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie a\u00a0\u010dlensk\u00e9 krajiny poskytli Gr\u00e9cku finan\u010dn\u00fa pomoc, ale rie\u0161enie jeho dlhov\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov je len odkladan\u00e9, nie rie\u0161en\u00e9. Pri prij\u00edman\u00ed ute\u010dencov vl\u00e1dy \u010delia vysok\u00fdm n\u00e1kladom, ako s\u00fa ubytovanie, spracovanie \u017eiadost\u00ed a\u00a0integr\u00e1cia ute\u010dencov do trhu pr\u00e1ce. [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1klady na integr\u00e1ciu jedn\u00e9ho ute\u010denca sa pohybuj\u00fa od 8\u00a0000 do 12\u00a0000 eur ro\u010dne. Pod\u013ea Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho menov\u00e9ho fondu[15] v\u00a0roku 2015 sa celkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na pr\u00edlev ute\u010dencov do Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie pohybovali medzi 0,1 percent a\u017e 0,2 % HDP Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie. Vzh\u013eadom na \u010fal\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edlev ute\u010dencov a v\u00fddavky na integra\u010dn\u00e9 programy sa skuto\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady m\u00f4\u017eu pohybova\u0165 a\u017e na \u00farove\u0148 0,5 % HDP Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie. Tento dodato\u010dn\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd tlak sa zhor\u0161uje aj v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku Brexitu a\u00a0glob\u00e1lnej finan\u010dnej kr\u00edzy.[16]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Niektor\u00ed obyvatelia sa ob\u00e1vaj\u00fa, \u017ee ute\u010denci vytvoria konkuren\u010dn\u00e9 prostredia na pracovnom trhu, zn\u00ed\u017eia mzdy a\u00a0odober\u00fa pracovn\u00e9 pr\u00edle\u017eitosti. Prieskumy ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 percento Eur\u00f3panov vn\u00edma ute\u010dencov ako ekonomick\u00fa z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e. Tieto obavy m\u00f4\u017eu zhor\u0161i\u0165 predsudky a\u00a0br\u00e1ni\u0165 ich integr\u00e1cii. Navy\u0161e, reakcia Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie bola nekoordinovan\u00e1, \u010do vedie v\u00a0nerovnomern\u00e9mu rozdeleniu n\u00e1kladov medzi \u010dlensk\u00e9 krajiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demografick\u00e9 zmeny a\u00a0vz\u0165ahy s\u00a0dom\u00e1cou popul\u00e1ciou<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migra\u010dn\u00e1 kr\u00edza v Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanii priniesla v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 soci\u00e1lne i ekonomick\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy. Ovplyvnila hospod\u00e1rske procesy, demografick\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru a spolo\u010densk\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy. Mnoh\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty \u010delili poklesu p\u00f4rodnosti, starnutiu a nedostatku pracovnej sily. Migr\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017ee tieto probl\u00e9my zmierni\u0165, ale prin\u00e1\u0161a aj v\u00fdzvy v oblasti integr\u00e1cie a spravodliv\u00e9ho rozdelenia verejn\u00fdch zdrojov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Filozof Auguste Comte povedal, \u017ee „Demografia je osud“, nazna\u010duj\u00fac vplyv popul\u00e1cie na bud\u00facnos\u0165 spolo\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eur\u00f3pa, pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za l\u00eddra v demografick\u00fdch zmen\u00e1ch, prech\u00e1dza do obdobia s n\u00edzkou p\u00f4rodnos\u0165ou pod \u00farove\u0148 obnovy popul\u00e1cie (2,1 naroden\u00ed na \u017eenu) . N\u00edzka p\u00f4rodnos\u0165, odklad rodi\u010dovstva a individu\u00e1lne \u017eivotn\u00e9 rozhodnutia s\u00fa hlavn\u00fdmi faktormi. Tento odklad vedie k do\u010dasn\u00e9mu poklesu p\u00f4rodnosti a starnutiu popul\u00e1cie. V d\u00f4sledku toho hroz\u00ed prirodzen\u00fd pokles, ktor\u00fd migr\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017ee do\u010dasne kompenzova\u0165. N\u00edzka p\u00f4rodnos\u0165 je stabiln\u00e1, ale dlh\u0161ia d\u013a\u017eka \u017eivota m\u00f4\u017ee udr\u017eiava\u0165 popul\u00e1ciu. De popul\u00e1cia nie je rovnomerne roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1, ale po\u010det kraj\u00edn s prirodzen\u00fdm poklesom sa zvy\u0161uje. Demografick\u00e9 projekcie pre Eur\u00f3pu nazna\u010duj\u00fa pokles popul\u00e1cie do konca storo\u010dia. Krajiny sa sna\u017eia podporova\u0165 p\u00f4rodnos\u0165 r\u00f4znymi politikami, av\u0161ak \u00faspech je r\u00f4zny. Nemecko, kde migr\u00e1cia hr\u00e1 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri kompenz\u00e1cii poklesu, za\u017eilo rast popul\u00e1cie v\u010faka migr\u00e1cii, najm\u00e4 po roku 1970 a po s\u00fdrskej migr\u00e1cii od roku 2011. Migr\u00e1cia pom\u00e1ha zmierni\u0165 negat\u00edvne demografick\u00e9 trendy, no Eur\u00f3pa bude musie\u0165 h\u013eada\u0165 dlhodob\u00e9 rie\u0161enia pre udr\u017eate\u013en\u00fd demografick\u00fd rozvoj.[17]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teraz sa pozrieme na vz\u0165ahy medzi migrantmi a dom\u00e1cou popul\u00e1ciou. Tieto vz\u0165ahy v E\u00da nie s\u00fa v\u017edy bez probl\u00e9mov. V niektor\u00fdch regi\u00f3noch sa vyskytuj\u00fa soci\u00e1lne nap\u00e4tia sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 ekonomick\u00fdmi, kult\u00farnymi a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi rozdielmi, \u010do vedie k diskrimin\u00e1cii, xenof\u00f3bii a zlo\u017eitej\u0161ej integr\u00e1cii migrantov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Od polovice 20. storo\u010dia do\u0161lo k n\u00e1rastu imigrantov, ktor\u00ed pri\u0161li ako b\u00fdval\u00ed kolonialisti, pracovn\u00edci, \u017eiadatelia o azyl a ute\u010denci. Tieto zmeny transformovali soci\u00e1lnu \u0161trukt\u00faru a etnick\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie eur\u00f3pskych kraj\u00edn. S narastaj\u00facim po\u010dtom imigrantov sa za\u010dali diskutova\u0165 ich pr\u00e1va a miesto v spolo\u010dnosti. P\u00f4vodne migranti pri\u0161li kv\u00f4li ekonomick\u00fdm potreb\u00e1m, najm\u00e4 v 50. a 60. rokoch, ako lacn\u00e1 pracovn\u00e1 sila. Mnoh\u00e9 rodiny si Eur\u00f3pu urobili trval\u00fdm domovom, no integr\u00e1cia nebola v\u017edy \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e1. Mnoh\u00e9 komunity zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa segregovan\u00e9, \u010do s\u0165a\u017euje integr\u00e1ciu. Imigranti, najm\u00e4 z neeur\u00f3pskych kraj\u00edn, \u010del\u00ed nev\u00fdhod\u00e1m, ako vy\u0161\u0161ia nezamestnanos\u0165, ni\u017e\u0161ie mzdy a obmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup k vlastneniu nehnute\u013enost\u00ed. To prispieva k pocitu diskrimin\u00e1cie a vn\u00edmaniu imigrantov ako \u201eoutsiderov\u201c. Politiky prij\u00edmania a integr\u00e1cie imigrantov sa l\u00ed\u0161ia medzi \u0161t\u00e1tmi E\u00da.[18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mnoh\u00e9 krajiny prehodnocuj\u00fa imigra\u010dn\u00e9 politiky, najm\u00e4 po n\u00e1raste ute\u010dencov, pri\u010dom niektor\u00e9 s\u00fa otvorenej\u0161ie ne\u017e in\u00e9. Verejn\u00e9 postoje k imigrantom s\u00fa r\u00f4znorod\u00e9 a z\u00e1visia od ve\u013ekosti imigrantsk\u00fdch komun\u00edt a ekonomickej situ\u00e1cie. Krajiny s men\u0161\u00edmi komunitami maj\u00fa ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed odpor vo\u010di imigrantom, k\u00fdm rast\u00faca imigrantsk\u00e1 popul\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017ee vyvola\u0165 pocit konkurencie o zdroje a hodnoty spolo\u010dnosti. Negat\u00edvne postoje vo\u010di imigrantom s\u00fa roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9, najm\u00e4 v krajin\u00e1ch, kde s\u00fa imigrantsk\u00e9 komunity v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie. Faktory ako soci\u00e1lno-ekonomick\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia, nacionalizmus, rasov\u00e9 predsudky a konzervat\u00edvne ideol\u00f3gie zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu v tvorbe odporu vo\u010di imigrantom. Tieto faktory sa m\u00f4\u017eu zhor\u0161i\u0165 v obdobiach ekonomickej neistoty alebo ke\u010f imigranti ohrozuj\u00fa n\u00e1rodn\u00fa identitu.[19]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politick\u00e9 dopady migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy na Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00a0tejto kapitole sa bli\u017e\u0161ie pozrieme na politick\u00e9 dopady. Definujeme legislat\u00edvne reformy, porovn\u00e1vame postoje r\u00f4znych eur\u00f3pskych kraj\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 sa rozdelili na z\u00e1klade ideologick\u00fdch rozdielov, a\u00a0to sa odrazilo v ich pr\u00edstupoch k migr\u00e1cii. Nemecko, Franc\u00fazsko, Rak\u00fasko, Gr\u00e9cko, Belgicko a Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo mali r\u00f4zne postoje, pri\u010dom proti-migra\u010dn\u00e9 hnutia z\u00edskavali na sile v mnoh\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch, najm\u00e4 v s\u00favislosti s bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdmi obavami a ekonomick\u00fdmi dopadmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Legislat\u00edvne zmeny<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migra\u010dn\u00e1 kr\u00edza, ktor\u00e1 zasiahla Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu v roku 2015, viedla aj k rozsiahlym legislat\u00edvnym zmen\u00e1m na \u00farovni EU aj \u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov. Politick\u00e9 a pr\u00e1vne reakcie boli zameran\u00e9 na prisp\u00f4sobenie existuj\u00facich pravidiel, ako aj zavedenie nov\u00fdch mechanizmov na riadenie migr\u00e1cie, ochranu hran\u00edc a spracovanie \u017eiadost\u00ed o azyl. Tieto legislat\u00edvne zmeny mali z\u00e1sadn\u00fd dopad na fungovanie azylov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a migr\u00e1cie v r\u00e1mci \u00danie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Port\u00e1l Eur\u00f3pskej komisie hovor\u00ed o\u00a0zmen\u00e1ch na, ktor\u00e9 odkazuje v legislat\u00edvnom r\u00e1mci Paktu o migr\u00e1cii a azyle E\u00da. Tieto zmeny sa t\u00fdkaj\u00fa r\u00f4znych nariaden\u00ed a reformy migra\u010dnej a azylovej politiky, ktor\u00e1 za\u010dala v roku 2020. Tieto reformy pre\u0161li viacer\u00fdmi f\u00e1zami, pri\u010dom k z\u00e1sadn\u00fdm zmen\u00e1m do\u0161lo najm\u00e4 v roku 2023 a pokra\u010duj\u00fa aj v roku 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nariadenie o riaden\u00ed azylu a migr\u00e1cie nahr\u00e1dza „Dublin III“[20], zlep\u0161uje syst\u00e9m ur\u010denia zodpovedn\u00e9ho \u010dlensk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu a minimalizuje sekund\u00e1rne pohyby. Zav\u00e1dza povinn\u00fd, flexibiln\u00fd syst\u00e9m solidarity pre \u0161t\u00e1ty \u010deliacich migra\u010dn\u00e9mu tlaku. Nariadenie o konan\u00ed o azyle zav\u00e1dza jednotn\u00fd, spravodliv\u00fd proces rozhodovania o azyle a obmedzuje zneu\u017e\u00edvanie a sekund\u00e1rne pohyby. Spolu s nariaden\u00edm o n\u00e1vrate stanovuje povinn\u00e9 konanie na vonkaj\u0161\u00edch hraniciach. Nariadenie o rie\u0161en\u00ed kr\u00edzov\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00ed stanovuje opatrenia pre kr\u00edzov\u00e9 situ\u00e1cie, vr\u00e1tane v\u00fdnimiek a solid\u00e1rnych opatren\u00ed pre \u010dlensk\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty. Nariadenie Eurodac premie\u0148a datab\u00e1zu na plnohodnotn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj na podporu azylov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, riadenie neregul\u00e1rnej migr\u00e1cie a implement\u00e1ciu pres\u00edd\u013eovac\u00edch a ochrann\u00fdch opatren\u00ed. [21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Nariadenie o preverovan\u00ed zav\u00e1dza jednotn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 na kontrolu a registr\u00e1ciu neregul\u00e1rnych migrantov a \u017eiadate\u013eov o azyl, vr\u00e1tane prepojenia s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdmi konaniami. Kvalifika\u010dn\u00e9 nariadenie za\u010dle\u0148uje \u017eenevsk\u00fd dohovor do pr\u00e1va E\u00da a zabezpe\u010duje spolo\u010dn\u00e9 krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 pri kvalifikovan\u00ed os\u00f4b na medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fa ochranu a vyjas\u0148uje ich pr\u00e1vne pr\u00e1va a povinnosti. Revidovan\u00e1 smernica o podmienkach prij\u00edmania stanovuje minim\u00e1lne normy pomoci pre \u017eiadate\u013eov o azyl, zabezpe\u010duj\u00fac primeran\u00fa \u017eivotn\u00fa \u00farove\u0148. Nariadenie o r\u00e1mci \u00danie pre pres\u00edd\u013eovanie zlep\u0161uje bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 cesty do E\u00da pre osoby, ktor\u00e9 potrebuj\u00fa ochranu, a posil\u0148uje spolupr\u00e1cu s ne\u010dlensk\u00fdmi krajinami, kde \u017eije ve\u013ek\u00fd po\u010det ute\u010dencov.[22]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tieto legislat\u00edvne zmeny vytvorili r\u00e1mec pre efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie riadenie migr\u00e1cie v r\u00e1mci E\u00da, pri\u010dom zabezpe\u010dili lep\u0161iu koordin\u00e1ciu medzi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00e1tmi a posilnili ochranu hran\u00edc a pr\u00e1v ute\u010dencov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reakcie politick\u00fdch str\u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010clensk\u00e9 krajiny Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie a ich politick\u00e9 strany mali r\u00f4zne n\u00e1zory na migra\u010dn\u00fa kr\u00edzu, pri\u010dom rozhodovanie o ich postupe bolo ovplyvnen\u00e9 ideol\u00f3giami a hodnotami t\u00fdchto kraj\u00edn. V tejto podkapitole sa bli\u017e\u0161ie pozrieme na r\u00f4zne postoje kraj\u00edn E\u00da k migra\u010dnej kr\u00edze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V Rak\u00fasku sa v prezidentsk\u00fdch vo\u013eb\u00e1ch v m\u00e1ji 2016 dostala extr\u00e9mne pravicov\u00e1 Slobodn\u00e1 strana (FP\u00d6) do popredia v\u010faka svojmu kandid\u00e1tovi Norbertovi Hoferovi, ktor\u00fd z\u00edskal 49,7 % hlasov. Hoferova popularita r\u00e1stla v d\u00f4sledku jeho podpory proti-imigra\u010dnej politiky. Po\u010das kampane nosil pi\u0161to\u013e Glock 9 mm, \u010do bolo symbolom jeho tvrden\u00ed, \u017ee osobn\u00e9 zbrane s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 na ochranu rak\u00faskych ob\u010danov pred migrantmi. Jeho proti-migra\u010dn\u00e1 r\u00e9torika z\u00edskala siln\u00fa podporu najm\u00e4 medzi manu\u00e1lnymi pracovn\u00edkmi, z ktor\u00fdch ho podporilo 90 %.[23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V Belgicku, po teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatokoch na letisku a v bruselskej stanici metra v marci 2016, sa ob\u010dania za\u010dali viac ob\u00e1va\u0165 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch riz\u00edk spojen\u00fdch s rast\u00facim po\u010dtom migrantov. Strach z mo\u017en\u00e9ho pr\u00edtoku radikalizovan\u00fdch regr\u00fatov Islamsk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu medzi migrantov zv\u00fd\u0161il obavy o bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 krajiny. Tieto udalosti posilnili proti-migra\u010dn\u00e9 a xenof\u00f3bne n\u00e1zory v Belgicku, \u010do viedlo k protestom proti tomu, \u017ee vl\u00e1da, aj ke\u010f sa s\u00facitne vyjadrovala o ute\u010deneckej kr\u00edze, nem\u00f4\u017ee ohrozi\u0165 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 belgick\u00fdch ob\u010danov. Vo Franc\u00fazsku sa krajne pravicov\u00e1 strana N\u00e1rodn\u00fd front (FN), pod veden\u00edm Marine Le Pen, stala dominantnou politickou silou, ke\u010f v decembrov\u00fdch region\u00e1lnych vo\u013eb\u00e1ch 2015 z\u00edskala najviac hlasov. Le Penov\u00e1, kriti\u010dka migra\u010dn\u00fdch kv\u00f3t E\u00da, volala po vr\u00e1ten\u00ed migrantov do ich p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch kraj\u00edn, nez\u00e1visle od d\u00f4vodu ich migr\u00e1cie. Po \u00fatokoch v Par\u00ed\u017ei a Nice sa jej proti-migra\u010dn\u00e1 r\u00e9torika stala popul\u00e1rnou, najm\u00e4 medzi voli\u010dmi vystra\u0161en\u00fdmi zo zvy\u0161uj\u00facej sa nezamestnanosti a terorizmu.[24]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V Nemecku, kancel\u00e1rka Angela Merkelov\u00e1 zohrala k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri prij\u00edman\u00ed ve\u013ek\u00e9ho po\u010dtu ute\u010dencov v roku 2015. Av\u0161ak jej politika nebola univerz\u00e1lne podporovan\u00e1, \u010do sa uk\u00e1zalo v liste zo 19. janu\u00e1ra 2016, ktor\u00fd podp\u00edsalo 44 \u010dlenov koali\u010dnej vl\u00e1dy, v ktorom sa tvrdilo, \u017ee Nemecko \u010del\u00ed pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ek\u00e9mu pr\u00edlevu ute\u010dencov, a preto by mal by\u0165 tento proces obmedzen\u00fd. Populistick\u00e9 strany ako Alternat\u00edva pre Nemecko (AfD) z\u00edskali podporu najm\u00e4 v\u010faka obav\u00e1m Nemcov o ochranu svojich \u00faspor a ich pocitu, \u017ee pr\u00edspevky na pomoc migrantom ohrozuj\u00fa ich finan\u010dn\u00fa stabilitu. AfD, p\u00f4vodne proti-eur\u00f3pska strana, sa transformovala na stranu proti migr\u00e1cii a z\u00edskala siln\u00fa podporu vo viacer\u00fdch nemeck\u00fdch regi\u00f3noch. Gr\u00e9cko, ako hlavn\u00e1 br\u00e1na pre migrantov zo Stredn\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu, \u010delilo kritike zo strany Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie. K tomu sa pridali vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my a oneskorenia v implement\u00e1cii \u00fasporn\u00fdch opatren\u00ed. V tejto zlo\u017eitej situ\u00e1cii sa gr\u00e9cku vl\u00e1du pod veden\u00edm premi\u00e9ra Tsiprasa tla\u010dilo k vyu\u017eitiu migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy na vyjednanie odpustenia \u010dasti \u0161t\u00e1tneho dlhu. Kr\u00edzy dlhovej a migra\u010dnej situ\u00e1cie viedli k n\u00e1rastu euroskepticizmu a posilnili podporu neofa\u0161istick\u00fdch str\u00e1n, ako je Zlat\u00e1 zora.[25]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve zohrala xenof\u00f3bia z krajnej pravice d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu pri rozhodovan\u00ed o vyst\u00fapen\u00ed z E\u00da v referende o Brexite v j\u00fani 2016. Kampa\u0148 za vyst\u00fapenie sa zameriavala na migra\u010dn\u00fa kr\u00edzu a na potrebu, aby Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo op\u00e4\u0165 z\u00edskalo kontrolu nad svojou ekonomikou. Krajne pravicov\u00e1 strana UKIP, veden\u00e1 Nigelom Farageom, vyu\u017eila strach z rast\u00faceho po\u010dtu migrantov zo strednej a v\u00fdchodnej Eur\u00f3py a zo Stredn\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu, \u010do sa stalo k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm faktorom rozhodovania o Brexite. Obavy z neobmedzenej imigra\u010dnej politiky Brit\u00e1nie prispeli k rozhodnutiu o vyst\u00fapen\u00ed z E\u00da, ktor\u00e9 pova\u017eovali mnoh\u00ed za d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie ne\u017e ot\u00e1zky suverenity \u010di ekonomiky.[26]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postoje \u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie k migra\u010dnej kr\u00edze sa l\u00ed\u0161ili a ich formovanie bolo silne ovplyvnen\u00e9 r\u00f4znymi faktormi. K\u00fdm niektor\u00e9 krajiny prij\u00edmali otvorenej\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edstup a podporovali solidaritu pri distrib\u00facii migrantov, in\u00e9 sa zameriavali na pr\u00edsnej\u0161ie kontroly a\u00a0obmedzenia. Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 obavy, spojen\u00e9 s terorizmom alebo zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm migra\u010dn\u00fdch tr\u00e1s,\u00a0 prispievali k vytv\u00e1raniu nap\u00e4t\u00fdch diskusi\u00ed o politike vo\u010di migrantom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cie\u013eom tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku bolo presk\u00fama\u0165 dopady migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy v rokoch 2015\u20132020 na politick\u00e9, ekonomick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1lne faktory v r\u00e1mci Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie. Tento cie\u013e bol dosiahnut\u00fd pomocou anal\u00fdzy sekund\u00e1rnych zdrojov, ako s\u00fa odborn\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky a spr\u00e1v eur\u00f3pskych in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed. Tieto met\u00f3dy umo\u017enili podrobne presk\u00fama\u0165 a pochopi\u0165 komplexn\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy medzi migra\u010dnou kr\u00edzou a jej dopadmi na r\u00f4zne oblasti \u017eivota v E\u00da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cl\u00e1nok bol rozdelen\u00fd do troch \u010dast\u00ed. V prvej \u010dasti sme predstavili teoretick\u00fd r\u00e1mec, ktor\u00fd zah\u0155\u0148al koncepty migr\u00e1cie , jej te\u00f3rie a taktie\u017e pr\u00ed\u010diny a reakcie. Druh\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 sa zameriavala na ekonomick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1lne efekty, a to na vplyv na trh pr\u00e1ce , verejn\u00e9 financie, \u00a0demografick\u00e9 zmeny a interakcie medzi migrantmi a dom\u00e1cimi obyvate\u013emi. Tretia \u010das\u0165 analyzovala politick\u00e9 zmeny, zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00face legislat\u00edvne \u00fapravy a postoje politick\u00fdch str\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metodol\u00f3gia sa s\u00fastredila na anal\u00fdzu dostupn\u00fdch sekund\u00e1rnych d\u00e1t, \u010do umo\u017enilo z\u00edska\u0165 \u00a0ucelen\u00fd poh\u013ead na vplyvy kr\u00edzy a identifikova\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 probl\u00e9my v riaden\u00ed migr\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 sa n\u00e1sledne analyzovali v jednotliv\u00fdch oblastiach. Tento v\u00fdskumn\u00fd pr\u00edstup zabezpe\u010dil \u0161irok\u00fd a hlbok\u00fd poh\u013ead na t\u00e9mu, podporuj\u00faci odpovede na v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa ekonomick\u00fdch, soci\u00e1lnych a politick\u00fdch d\u00f4sledkov migr\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver \u010dl\u00e1nku ukazuje, \u017ee migra\u010dn\u00e1 kr\u00edza odhalila slabiny v syst\u00e9me riadenia migr\u00e1cie v E\u00da, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 pon\u00fakla pr\u00edle\u017eitosti na zlep\u0161enie politick\u00fdch, ekonomick\u00fdch a soci\u00e1lnych opatren\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00fa potrebu udr\u017eate\u013enej integr\u00e1cie migrantov, ktor\u00e1 si vy\u017eaduje efekt\u00edvne a dlhodob\u00e9 strat\u00e9gie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] NEUVEDEN\u00dd AUTOR. Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia pre migr\u00e1ciu (IOM). Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pojmy o migr\u00e1cii [online]. 2024 [cit. 2024-12-22]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/iom.sk\/sk\/pre-media\/zakladne-pojmy-o-migracii.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] NEUVEDEN\u00dd AUTOR. Cambridge dictionary [online]. 2024[cit. 2024-12-22]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] NEUVEDEN\u00dd AUTOR. Ministerstvo pr\u00e1ce, soci\u00e1lnych vec\u00ed a rodiny Slovenskej republiky. Pojem ute\u010denec<\/em> [online]. 2024 [cit. 2024-12-22]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Z\u00e1kon \u010d. 480\/2002 Z. z. o azyle, \u00a7 2, p\u00edsm. i, \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd od 1. janu\u00e1ra 2003, [online] [cit. 2024-22-12] Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.slov-lex.sk\/ezbierky\/pravne-predpisy\/SK\/ZZ\/2002\/480<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] MORAVSKA, Ewa. International Migration: Its Various Mechanisms and different theories that try to explain it <\/em>[online]. 2007 s.2 [cit. 2024-12-25]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] MORAVSKA, Ewa. International Migration: Its Various Mechanisms and different theories that try to explain it <\/em>[online]. 2007 s.3 [cit. 2024-12-25]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] MORAVSKA, Ewa. International Migration: Its Various Mechanisms and different theories that try to explain it<\/em> [online]. 2007 s.4 [cit. 2024-12-25]. Dostupn\u00e9 z<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] MORAVSKA, Ewa. International Migration: Its Various Mechanisms and different theories that try to explain it<\/em> [online]. 2007 s.5 [cit. 2024-12-25]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] MORAVSKA, Ewa. International Migration: Its Various Mechanisms and different theories that try to explain it <\/em>[online]. 2007 s.6 [cit. 2024-12-25]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] WAGNER,Martin. 2015 in review: how Europe reacted to the refugee crisis it <\/em>[online].2015 [cit. 2024-12-25]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.icmpd.org\/blog\/2015\/2015-in-review-how-europe-reacted-to-the-refugee-crisis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]V\u00fdberov\u00e9 zis\u0165ovanie pracovn\u00fdch s\u00edl Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie je medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 zis\u0165ovanie zameran\u00e9 na monitorovanie situ\u00e1cie na trhu pr\u00e1ce vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie. Na Slovensku je realizovan\u00e9 od roku 1993. zdroj: \u0160tatistick\u00fd \u00farad Slovenskej republiky. V\u00fdberov\u00e9 zis\u0165ovanie pracovn\u00fdch s\u00edl. [online] [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0 https:\/\/zber.statistics.sk\/v%C3%BDberov%C3%A9-zis%C5%A5ovanie-pracovn%C3%BDch-s%C3%ADl<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12] Eur\u00f3pska komisia. „Labour Market<\/em>„- Eurostat Statistics Explained, [online] [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Beginners%3ALabour_market_-_basic_definitions%2Fsk<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13] HOJ\u010cKOV\u00c1, Anita: Negat\u00edvne dopady migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy v Eur\u00f3pe na ekonomick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my eur\u00f3pskych kraj\u00edn<\/em>(Diplomov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca) 2017 [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/opac.crzp.sk\/?fn=detailBiblioForm&sid=EA5F7181B6B238EB5E086B115CCB<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14] PODDAR,Shubham: European Migrant Crisis: Financial Burden or Economic Opportunity?.<\/em> 2016 s.6[cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/entities\/publication\/a25e9574-ae41-4e14-838d-5d73ac5554b0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]\u00a0 Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd menov\u00fd fond (International Monetary Fund – IMF, www.imf.org) je medzin\u00e1rodnou finan\u010dnou in\u0161tit\u00faciou\u00a0 so s\u00eddlom vo Washingtone, D.C. (USA), ktorej hlavnou \u00falohou a mand\u00e1tom je zabezpe\u010dovanie stability medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho menov\u00e9ho a finan\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu prostredn\u00edctvom poskytovania p\u00f4\u017ei\u010diek a odbornej technickej asistencie. MMF m\u00e1 189 \u010dlensk\u00fdch kraj\u00edn a SR je jeho \u010dlenom od roku 1993. zdroj: Ministerstvo financi\u00ed Slovenskej republiky. Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd menov\u00fd fond (MMF).<\/em>[online] [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16] PODDAR,Shubham: European Migrant Crisis: Financial Burden or Economic Opportunity?<\/em>. 2016 s.7[cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/entities\/publication\/a25e9574-ae41-4e14-838d-5d73ac5554b0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]NEWSHAM, N., ROWE, F. Projecting the demographic impact of Syrian migration in a rapidly ageing society, Germany.<\/em> 2017 s. 233-236[cit. 2024-12-28]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0 https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10109-018-00290-y<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18] DAVIDOV E. , Semyonov M. Attitudes toward immigrants in European societies<\/em>.2017[cit. 2024-12-31]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0020715217732183<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]DAVIDOV E. , Semyonov M. Attitudes toward immigrants in European societies<\/em>.2017[cit. 2024-12-31]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0020715217732183<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20] Nariadenie Eur\u00f3pskeho parlamentu a Rady (E\u00da) \u010d. 604\/2013 z\u00a0 26. j\u00fana 2013 , ktor\u00fdm sa stanovuj\u00fa krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 a mechanizmy na ur\u010denie \u010dlensk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu zodpovedn\u00e9ho za pos\u00fadenie \u017eiadosti o medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fa ochranu podanej \u0161t\u00e1tnym pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edkom tretej krajiny alebo osobou bez \u0161t\u00e1tnej pr\u00edslu\u0161nosti v jednom z \u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov. ZDROJ: Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania. (2013). Nariadenie (E\u00da) \u010d. 604\/2013 Eur\u00f3pskeho parlamentu a Rady z 26. j\u00fana 2013 [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2013\/604\/oj\/slk<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21] Eur\u00f3pska komisia. Nariadenie o konan\u00ed o azyle, vr\u00e1tane nariadenia o konan\u00ed o n\u00e1vrate na hraniciach. [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/home-affairs.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/migration-and-asylum\/pact-migration-and-asylum\/legislative-files-nutshell_sk#nariadenie-o-konan%C3%AD-o-azyle-vr%C3%A1tane-nariadenia-o-konan%C3%AD-o-n%C3%A1vrate-na-hraniciach<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22] Eur\u00f3pska komisia. Nariadenie o konan\u00ed o azyle, vr\u00e1tane nariadenia o konan\u00ed o n\u00e1vrate na hraniciach. [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/home-affairs.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/migration-and-asylum\/pact-migration-and-asylum\/legislative-files-nutshell_sk#nariadenie-o-konan%C3%AD-o-azyle-vr%C3%A1tane-nariadenia-o-konan%C3%AD-o-n%C3%A1vrate-na-hraniciach<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23] PODDAR,Shubham: European Migrant Crisis: Financial Burden or Economic Opportunity?<\/em>. 2016 s.16 [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/entities\/publication\/a25e9574-ae41-4e14-838d-5d73ac5554b0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24] PODDAR,Shubham: European Migrant Crisis: Financial Burden or Economic Opportunity?.<\/em> 2016 s.17 [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/entities\/publication\/a25e9574-ae41-4e14-838d-5d73ac5554b0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25] PODDAR,Shubham: European Migrant Crisis: Financial Burden or Economic Opportunity?.<\/em> 2016 s.18-19 [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/entities\/publication\/a25e9574-ae41-4e14-838d-5d73ac5554b0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26] PODDAR,Shubham: European Migrant Crisis: Financial Burden or Economic Opportunity?<\/em>. 2016 s.19 [cit. 2024-12-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/entities\/publication\/a25e9574-ae41-4e14-838d-5d73ac5554b0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00davod Migra\u010dn\u00e1 kr\u00edza, ktor\u00e1 zasiahla Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu v rokoch 2015\u20132020, patr\u00ed medzi najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie v\u00fdzvy modernej eur\u00f3pskej hist\u00f3rie. Mili\u00f3ny \u013eud\u00ed, preva\u017ene z kraj\u00edn Afriky a Bl\u00edzkeho v\u00fdchodu, utekali pred vojnou, chudobou a n\u00e1sil\u00edm s n\u00e1dejou na lep\u0161\u00ed \u017eivot. Tento n\u00e1por v\u0161ak odhalil slab\u00e9 miesta v syst\u00e9me riadenia migr\u00e1cie v E\u00da a vyvolal v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 politick\u00e9, ekonomick\u00e9 a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":58,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1339","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analyzy"],"yoast_head":"\nVplyv migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy na Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1339\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vplyv migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy na Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00davod Migra\u010dn\u00e1 kr\u00edza, ktor\u00e1 zasiahla Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu v rokoch 2015\u20132020, patr\u00ed medzi najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie v\u00fdzvy modernej eur\u00f3pskej hist\u00f3rie. 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Mili\u00f3ny \u013eud\u00ed, preva\u017ene z kraj\u00edn Afriky a Bl\u00edzkeho v\u00fdchodu, utekali pred vojnou, chudobou a n\u00e1sil\u00edm s n\u00e1dejou na lep\u0161\u00ed \u017eivot. Tento n\u00e1por v\u0161ak odhalil slab\u00e9 miesta v syst\u00e9me riadenia migr\u00e1cie v E\u00da a vyvolal v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 politick\u00e9, ekonomick\u00e9 a […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1339","og_site_name":"RE:PUB","article_published_time":"2025-01-31T15:54:07+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-02-01T16:16:32+00:00","author":"Katar\u00edna Jur\u010di\u0161inov\u00e1 - Kuk\u013eov\u00e1","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Autor":"Katar\u00edna Jur\u010di\u0161inov\u00e1 - Kuk\u013eov\u00e1","Predpokladan\u00fd \u010das \u010d\u00edtania":"25 min\u00fat"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1339#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1339"},"author":{"name":"Katar\u00edna Jur\u010di\u0161inov\u00e1 - Kuk\u013eov\u00e1","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#\/schema\/person\/f99f6a5d59269adf433312a07d6d9745"},"headline":"Vplyv migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy na Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu","datePublished":"2025-01-31T15:54:07+00:00","dateModified":"2025-02-01T16:16:32+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1339"},"wordCount":6312,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/#organization"},"articleSection":["ANAL\u00ddZY"],"inLanguage":"sk-SK","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1339#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1339","url":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1339","name":"Vplyv migra\u010dnej kr\u00edzy na Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu - 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