{"id":1291,"date":"2024-11-10T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-10T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1291"},"modified":"2025-02-01T17:53:11","modified_gmt":"2025-02-01T16:53:11","slug":"rozhodovacie-teorie-demokracie-ktora-je-najvyhodnejsia-pre-demokraciu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1291","title":{"rendered":"Rozhodovacie te\u00f3rie demokracie \u2013 ktor\u00e1 je najv\u00fdhodnej\u0161ia pre demokraciu?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pri demokraci\u00ed je ve\u013emi potrebn\u00e9 aby sme vedeli, ako sa vieme rozhodova\u0165, respekt\u00edve ak\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi je mo\u017en\u00e9 v demokracii rozhodova\u0165. Demokracia bola v antike pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za vl\u00e1du v\u0161etk\u00e9ho \u013eudu v mestskom \u0161t\u00e1te, neexistovalo tu nie\u010do ako zastupitelia, v\u0161etci rozhodovali o v\u0161etkom a pravidelne sa stret\u00e1vali, aby tieto veci prerokovali. Naopak demokracia modern\u00e9ho typu, ktor\u00e1 vznikla cca v 18.-19. storo\u010d\u00ed, je charakteristick\u00e1 svojim zastupite\u013esk\u00fdm charakterom, ktor\u00fd u\u017e v dne\u0161nej dobe zah\u0155\u0148a aj \u017eeny. Nastala tu zmena, kedy \u013eudia nerozhoduj\u00fa spolo\u010dne, ale namiesto seba si vyberaj\u00fa svojich z\u00e1stupcov, ktor\u00ed za nich bud\u00fa \u010falej rozhodova\u0165. T\u00fdmto sme si zhruba zhrnuli, \u010do je vlastne demokracia a kto ju v dne\u0161nej dobe predstavuje. V tejto eseji sa budeme zaobera\u0165 problematikou demokratick\u00fdch te\u00f3ri\u00ed rozhodovania. Je potrebn\u00e9 sa pozrie\u0165 na konkr\u00e9tne typy politick\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 existuj\u00fa. Do akejsi prevej kateg\u00f3rie patria individu\u00e1lne, skupinov\u00e9 a kolekt\u00edvne rozhodnutia; do \u010fal\u0161ej kateg\u00f3rie zase patria kolektivizovan\u00e9 rozhodnutia. Touto problematikou sa zaober\u00e1 najm\u00e4 Giovanni Sartori, ktor\u00fd o tom hovor\u00ed vo svojom diele Te\u00f3ria demokracie<\/em>. Jeho dielo n\u00e1m bude sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 ako odrazov\u00fd a hlavn\u00fd zdroj inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o tejto problematike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co sa t\u00fdka individu\u00e1lneho rozhodnutia, tak v tomto pr\u00edpade sa, ako u\u017e n\u00e1zov napoved\u00e1, rozpr\u00e1vame o rozhodnut\u00ed samotn\u00fdch jednotlivcov, ktor\u00ed rozhoduj\u00fa sami za seba, bez toho aby boli usmer\u0148ovan\u00ed zvonku, alebo zvn\u00fatra. Ako pr\u00edklad si tu vo\u013eby do \u0161t\u00e1tnych org\u00e1nov, kde jedinec s\u00e1m rozhodne za seba, koho chce zvoli\u0165. Potom tu m\u00e1me skupinov\u00e9 rozhodnutia, tie s\u00fa tvoren\u00e9, u\u017e nie jedn\u00fdm, ale viacer\u00fdmi jednotlivcami v jednej skupine, ktor\u00ed sa spolo\u010dne z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uj\u00fa na tvorbe rozhodnut\u00ed. Napr\u00edklad je to vl\u00e1da, ktor\u00e1 spolo\u010dne prij\u00edma rozhodnutia. A posledn\u00fdm druhom v tejto kateg\u00f3rii je kolekt\u00edvne rozhodovanie, ktor\u00e9 je ale zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch troch najneefekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie, preto\u017ee v \u0148om rozhoduj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 masy\/ kolekt\u00edvy. \u010co s\u00edce mohlo fungova\u0165 v antickom Gr\u00e9cku, kde mal mestsk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1t p\u00e1r stoviek ob\u010danov, ale v dne\u0161n\u00fdch modern\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u010do sa t\u00fdka po\u010dtu obyvate\u013eov omnoho v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie a z\u00e1rove\u0148 s\u00fa t\u00edto obyvatelia od seba pr\u00edli\u0161 vzdialen\u00ed, aby mohli spolo\u010dne o v\u0161etkom rozhodova\u0165. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia neefektivita rozhodovania tohto druhu sa ukazuje po\u010das n\u00e1hleho, alebo r\u00fdchleho rozhodovania. Ako pr\u00edklad si m\u00f4\u017eeme uvies\u0165 Eur\u00f3psku \u00faniu (t\u00e1 reprezentuje v\u0161etky tak\u00e9to ve\u013ek\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie), ktor\u00e1 zastupuje vo ve\u013ekom mno\u017estve mnoh\u00e9 n\u00e1rody. Tu by sme nevedeli o d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch ot\u00e1zkach rozhodn\u00fa\u0165 r\u00fdchlo, preto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd jej \u010dlen by si najprv musel pre\u0161tudova\u0165 dan\u00fa vec, potom by sa to muselo prerokova\u0165, ak by boli n\u00e1mietky, op\u00e4\u0165 by nastali rokovania, at\u010f.. Teda v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku by sa uplatnenie r\u00fdchleho postupu ve\u013emi nedalo realizova\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kolektivizovan\u00e9 rozhodnutia naopak s\u00fa v\u00fdsledkom zmysluplne vyjadren\u00fdch spolo\u010densk\u00fdch preferenci\u00ed. Na rozdiel od kolekt\u00edvneho rozhodnutia sa tieto rozhodnutia vz\u0165ahuj\u00fa aj na kolektivitu, ale bez oh\u013eadu na to \u010di sa prij\u00edmaj\u00fa jednou, nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi alebo mnoh\u00fdmi osobami. Konkr\u00e9tne rozhodnutie, ktor\u00e9 bolo tak\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom prijat\u00e9 sa aplikuje na cel\u00fa skupinu. M\u00f4\u017eeme poveda\u0165, \u017ee v\u0161etky rozhodnutia politick\u00e9ho charakteru s\u00fa rozhodnutiami kolektivizovan\u00fdmi, no naopak to neplat\u00ed. Ak hovor\u00edme, \u017ee s\u00fa kolektivizovan\u00e9, tak t\u00fdm m\u00e1me na mysli, \u017ee s\u00fa suver\u00e9nne, bez \u00faniku a sankcionovate\u013en\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak si d\u00e1me do porovnania individualizmus a kolektivizmus pri rozhodovan\u00ed, tak m\u00f4\u017eeme pozorova\u0165, \u017ee individualita je omnoho n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ia, ke\u010f\u017ee by sme museli pri rozhodovan\u00ed pozera\u0165 najm\u00e4 na jednotlivcov a ich potreby, je omnoho n\u00e1ladovej\u0161\u00ed ke\u010f\u017ee z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tnych jedincoch a ich n\u00e1zoroch. \u010co je v rozpore s kolektivizmom, ktor\u00fd je omnoho v\u0161eobecnej\u0161ia a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou sa nepozer\u00e1 na z\u00e1ujmy jednotlivcov, ale cel\u00e9ho kolekt\u00edvu, celku, spolo\u010dnosti. To funguje napr\u00edklad pri ot\u00e1zkach soci\u00e1lnych, \u010di hospod\u00e1rskych. Ako sme si u\u017e spom\u00ednali, t\u00fdm \u017ee kolektivizmu ide najm\u00e4 o zabezpe\u010denie potrieb nejak\u00e9ho celku, \u010di spolo\u010dnosti, tak nem\u00e1 \u010dastokr\u00e1t priestor na to aby sa mohol aj vo\u013enej\u0161ie h\u00fdba\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak by sme sa mali rozhodn\u00fa\u0165, \u010do je najv\u00fdhodnej\u0161ie pre n\u00e1s pri rozhodovan\u00ed, mus\u00edme sa pozrie\u0165 na dve kateg\u00f3rie a to ko\u013eko je potrebn\u00e9 vynalo\u017ei\u0165 finan\u010dne aby sme dospeli k dan\u00e9mu politick\u00e9mu rozhodnutiu, a ko\u013eko \u010dasu do toho budeme musie\u0165 investova\u0165. Na to v\u0161etko sa pozer\u00e1me cez spektrum riz\u00edk a celkov\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov. \u010co Sartori vyjadruje dvoma AXI\u00d3MAMY. Axi\u00f3ma I. \u2013 tu v\u0161etky skupinov\u00e9 alebo kolekt\u00edvne rozhodnutia maj\u00fa n\u00e1klady vn\u00fatorn\u00e9, teda n\u00e1klady na samotn\u00fdch rozhodovate\u013eov, v\u0161eobecne ich m\u00f4\u017eeme nazva\u0165 n\u00e1klady na rozhodovanie. No a Axi\u00f3ma II. \u2013 t\u00e1 zase hovor\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161etky kolektivizovan\u00e9 rozhodnutia zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa aj vonkaj\u0161ie rizik\u00e1, teda lep\u0161ie povedan\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 pre adres\u00e1tov rozhodnut\u00ed, pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa rozhodnutia zvonku. Okrem toho, je potrebn\u00e9 spomen\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee n\u00e1klady na rozhodovanie s\u00fa  \u201evn\u00fatroskupinov\u00e9\u201c rizik\u00e1 a vz\u0165ahuj\u00fa sa len na toho, kto rozhoduje. Naopak vonkaj\u0161ie rizik\u00e1 s\u00fa \u201emimoskupinov\u00e9\u201c, preto\u017ee sa vz\u0165ahuj\u00fa len na kolektivitu, pre ktor\u00fa sa rozhodnutia prij\u00edmaj\u00fa. Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady sa t\u00fdkaj\u00fa v\u00fdlu\u010dne n\u00e1kladov na rozhodovac\u00ed proces, tu je potrebn\u00e9 e\u0161te spomen\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee sa to net\u00fdka straty, \u010di ziskov \u010dlenov rozhodovacieho org\u00e1nu. V podstate m\u00f4\u017eeme poveda\u0165, \u017ee vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady s\u00fa len n\u00e1kladmi na \u010das, energiu, neefekt\u00edvnos\u0165 a pod.. \u00daplnou argument\u00e1ciou je potom to, \u017ee kolektivizovan\u00e9 rozhodnutia zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa vonkaj\u0161ie rizik\u00e1; extern\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 naopak nemusia by\u0165 v\u017edy znamena\u0165 len \u0161kodu; naopak probl\u00e9mom zost\u00e1va zv\u00fd\u0161enie pravdepodobnosti ak\u00fdchsi v\u00fdhodn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledkov a minimaliz\u00e1ciu \u0161kodliv\u00fdch v\u00fdsledkov. K\u00fdm kolektivita, ktor\u00e1 rozhodnutia dost\u00e1va je vystaven\u00e1 rizik\u00e1m. Pravidlo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny, alebo lep\u0161ie povedan\u00e9 majoritn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 vstupuj\u00fa do hry v\u017edy, ke\u010f sa pravidlo jednomyse\u013enosti uk\u00e1\u017ee ako nepraktick\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010eal\u0161ou podstatnou z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165ou s\u00fa samotn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky a s\u00favislosti s rozhodovan\u00edm. Pri v\u00fdsledkoch sa m\u00f4\u017eeme zamera\u0165 na samotn\u00e9 druhy \u2013 teda \u010di je to v\u00fdhodn\u00fd v\u00fdsledok a m\u00e1 pozit\u00edvny s\u00fa\u010det, alebo je to v\u00fdsledok nev\u00fdhodn\u00fd a m\u00e1 teda nulov\u00fd s\u00fa\u010det. Pri \u201ehre\u201c s nulov\u00fdm s\u00fa\u010dtom a pozit\u00edvnym s\u00fa\u010dtom sa pozer\u00e1me na v\u00fdsledok, tak \u017ee pri nulovom s\u00fa\u010dte je tu v\u00ed\u0165az a je tu aj porazen\u00fd, ako pr\u00edklad v politike tu m\u00f4\u017eu sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 prezidentsk\u00e9 vo\u013eby. Pri pozit\u00edvnom s\u00fa\u010dte naopak obaja nie\u010do z\u00edskaj\u00fa, pr\u00edkladom s\u00fa parlamentn\u00e9 vo\u013eby, pri ktor\u00fdch sa z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uj\u00fa viacer\u00e9 politick\u00e9 strany, a takmer v\u0161etky sa dostan\u00fa do parlamentu. S\u00fa tu potrebn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy komunik\u00e1cie, konsenzu a kompromisu pri rozhodovan\u00ed. \u010co sa t\u00fdka rozhodovacieho kontextu, tak ten sa del\u00ed na diskontu\u00e1lny a kontinu\u00e1lny. V prvom  ide o jednotliv\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, alebo oddelen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, ako pr\u00edklad si tu m\u00f4\u017eeme uvies\u0165 referendum alebo vo\u013eby. V druhom nereaguj\u00fa na diskontu\u00e1lne ot\u00e1zky, ale skupiny ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zodpovedn\u00e9 za cel\u00fd tok a pr\u00fad rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Potom tu m\u00e1me z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165 intenzity preferenci\u00ed a pravidlo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny.  \u010co sa t\u00fdka intenzity preferenci\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eeme hovori\u0165 o tom nako\u013eko sme ochotn\u00fd sa postavi\u0165 za nejak\u00fd n\u00e1zor. Preto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka vyvol\u00e1va rozli\u010dn\u00fd stupe\u0148 reakcie, zapojenia sa alebo nez\u00e1ujmu. Pravidlo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny ja zalo\u017een\u00e9 naopak na v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inov\u00fdch rozhodovac\u00edch krit\u00e9ri\u00e1ch, ku ktor\u00fdm sa uchy\u013eujeme najm\u00e4 ke\u010f predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee \u013eudia maj\u00fa opa\u010dn\u00e9 preferencie. Toto pravidlo neberie do \u00favahy rozdielnu intenzitu individu\u00e1lnych preferenci\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okrem t\u00fdchto kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed rozhodovania je potrebn\u00e9 spomen\u00fa\u0165 aj samotn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny pre rozhodovanie, teda v\u00fdbory. V\u00fdbory s\u00fa malou skupinou, ktor\u00e1 funguje na z\u00e1klade vz\u00e1jomnej osobnej interakcie svojich \u010dlenov \u2013 minim\u00e1lne troch. V\u00fdbor je preto rozhodovacou skupinou, ktor\u00e1 stoj\u00ed pred tokom rozhodnut\u00ed. Jej samotn\u00fd \u010dlenovia sa anga\u017euj\u00fa vo v\u00fdmen\u00e1ch n\u00e1zorov o \u010dase, lep\u0161ie povedan\u00e9 o \u010dase v bud\u00facnosti. V\u00fdbory pom\u00e1haj\u00fa ovplyvni\u0165 demokratick\u00e9 rozhodovanie. V kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku nie len tie demokratick\u00e9, ale v akejko\u013evek politike a za ka\u017ed\u00e9ho re\u017eimu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na z\u00e1ver m\u00f4\u017eeme zhodnoti\u0165, \u017ee pre demokraciu s\u00fa ve\u013emi potrebn\u00e9 rozhodovacie procesy, ale aj rozhodovacie org\u00e1ny. Pod\u013ea druhov t\u00fdchto rozhodovac\u00edch procesov sa vieme ve\u013emi jednoducho rozhodn\u00fa\u0165, \u010do je pre dan\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu najvhodnej\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom, alebo t\u00fdm nev\u00fdhodnej\u0161\u00edm \u010do sa t\u00fdka \u010dasu, \u010di financi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa do toho investovan\u00e9. Ak sa pozrieme na demokratick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, tak n\u00e1m celkovo z toho, \u010do sme si doteraz povedali vych\u00e1dza, \u017ee najv\u00fdhodnej\u0161\u00edmi s\u00fa kolektivizovan\u00e9 rozhodnutia \u2013 ktor\u00e9 neprezentuj\u00fa len kolekt\u00edv, ur\u010dit\u00fa skupinu, alebo jednotlivca, ale reprezentuj\u00fa cel\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165. S\u00fa ve\u013emi efekt\u00edvne aj pri r\u00fdchlom rozhodovan\u00ed, \u010do neplat\u00ed pre kolekt\u00edvne rozhodovanie. Pri danom rozhodnut\u00ed potom e\u0161te m\u00f4\u017eeme vn\u00edma\u0165, \u017ee sa tu uplat\u0148uje pravidlo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny, ktor\u00e9 ale re\u0161pektuje men\u0161inu a jej pr\u00e1va. Najv\u00fdhodnej\u0161ia je v tomto pr\u00edpade kvalifikovan\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017eeme vyjadri\u0165 pomerom 2\/3 z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch rozhodovate\u013eov, \u010d\u00edm lep\u0161ie uplatn\u00edme pravidlo demokracie, ke\u010f\u017ee nie v\u0161etko tak jednoducho prejde.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pri demokraci\u00ed je ve\u013emi potrebn\u00e9 aby sme vedeli, ako sa vieme rozhodova\u0165, respekt\u00edve ak\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi je mo\u017en\u00e9 v demokracii rozhodova\u0165. Demokracia bola v antike pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za vl\u00e1du v\u0161etk\u00e9ho \u013eudu v mestskom \u0161t\u00e1te, neexistovalo tu nie\u010do ako zastupitelia, v\u0161etci rozhodovali o v\u0161etkom a pravidelne sa stret\u00e1vali, aby tieto veci prerokovali. Naopak demokracia modern\u00e9ho typu, ktor\u00e1 vznikla cca v 18.-19. storo\u010d\u00ed, je charakteristick\u00e1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":47,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eseje"],"yoast_head":"\nRozhodovacie te\u00f3rie demokracie \u2013 ktor\u00e1 je najv\u00fdhodnej\u0161ia pre demokraciu? - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1291\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Rozhodovacie te\u00f3rie demokracie \u2013 ktor\u00e1 je najv\u00fdhodnej\u0161ia pre demokraciu? - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pri demokraci\u00ed je ve\u013emi potrebn\u00e9 aby sme vedeli, ako sa vieme rozhodova\u0165, respekt\u00edve ak\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi je mo\u017en\u00e9 v demokracii rozhodova\u0165. 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