{"id":1288,"date":"2024-12-10T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-12-10T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1288"},"modified":"2025-02-01T17:45:12","modified_gmt":"2025-02-01T16:45:12","slug":"vybory-v-demokratickych-systemoch-podla-giovanniho-sartoriho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1288","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdbory v demokratick\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch pod\u013ea Giovanniho Sartoriho"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Demokracia ako politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m stoj\u00ed na my\u0161lienke zastupovania a particip\u00e1cie ob\u010danov na rozhodovan\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci tohto syst\u00e9mu sa v\u0161ak uplat\u0148uj\u00fa r\u00f4zne organiza\u010dn\u00e9 mechanizmy, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa efekt\u00edvne a plynul\u00e9 prij\u00edmanie rozhodnut\u00ed. Jedn\u00fdm z k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch mechanizmov v demokratick\u00fdch, ale aj v in\u00fdch politick\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch, s\u00fa v\u00fdbory. Giovanni Sartori v <em>Te\u00f3rii demokracie<\/em> konkr\u00e9tne v dvoch k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch podkapitol\u00e1ch \u2013 <em>V\u00fdbory a&nbsp;jednomyse\u013enos\u0165<\/em> a&nbsp;<em>V\u00fdbory, \u00fa\u010das\u0165 a&nbsp;demo-distrib\u00facia<\/em> \u2013 analyzuje \u00falohu v\u00fdborov a&nbsp;ich pr\u00ednos k&nbsp;rozhodovac\u00edm procesom s&nbsp;pozit\u00edvnym s\u00fa\u010dtom, pri\u010dom ich ch\u00e1pe ako mechanizmus, ktor\u00fd zabezpe\u010duje s\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165 syst\u00e9mu a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu rozhodnut\u00ed prij\u00edma jednomyse\u013ene namiesto v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inov\u00e9ho hlasovania. Cie\u013eom na\u0161ej eseje je pribl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 koncept fungovania v\u00fdborov a&nbsp;ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom prispievaj\u00fa k&nbsp;stabilite a&nbsp;efekt\u00edvnemu fungovaniu demokracie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na \u00favod je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd v\u00fdznamov\u00fd apar\u00e1t pojmu v\u00fdbor, ktor\u00fd n\u00e1m Giovanni Sartori definuje rovno viacer\u00fdmi charakteristikami. V\u00fdbory charakterizuje ako mal\u00e9 rozhodovacie skupiny, ktor\u00e9 funguj\u00fa na z\u00e1klade vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdch osobn\u00fdch interakci\u00ed aspo\u0148 minim\u00e1lneho po\u010dtu troch \u010dlenov. \u010ealej ako in\u0161titucionalizovan\u00e9 \u2013 trval\u00e9 skupiny v&nbsp;tom zmysle, \u017ee ich \u010dinnos\u0165 je stabiln\u00e1 a pravideln\u00e1 bez oh\u013eadu na fluktu\u00e1ciu ich \u010dlenov. A nakoniec ako rozhodovacie skupiny, ktor\u00e9 stoja pred tokom rozhodnut\u00ed, teda pred kontinu\u00e1lnou s\u00e9riou ot\u00e1zok, probl\u00e9mov a&nbsp;situ\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa rie\u0161enie.[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V&nbsp;r\u00e1mci podkapitoly <em>V\u00fdbory a&nbsp;jednomyse\u013enos\u0165<\/em> jedn\u00fdm z hlavn\u00fdch rysov fungovania v\u00fdborov je tendencia dosahovania rozhodnut\u00ed jednomyse\u013ene, \u010do nie je v\u017edy absol\u00fatne. Jednomyse\u013en\u00e9 rozhodovanie v\u00fdborov neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161etci \u010dlenovia s\u00fahlasia s&nbsp;ka\u017ed\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm rovnako intenz\u00edvne, pr\u00e1ve naopak. \u010casto menej presved\u010den\u00ed \u010dlenovia ustupuj\u00fa t\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed zast\u00e1vaj\u00fa svoje n\u00e1zory s&nbsp;v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou rozhodnos\u0165ou. Sartori zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee mechanizmus jednomyse\u013enosti sa opiera o recipro\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fastupky medzi \u010dlenmi v\u00fdboru, a to najm\u00e4 prostredn\u00edctvom tzv. <em>tich\u00e9ho s\u00fahlasu<\/em>. Tento opera\u010dn\u00fd k\u00f3d udr\u017eiava stabilitu a&nbsp;zni\u017euje po\u010det mo\u017en\u00fdch konfliktov, nako\u013eko \u010dlenovia m\u00f4\u017eu o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165 reciprocitu pri rozhodnutiach, na ktor\u00fdch im viac z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed. Autor tento mechanizmus definuje tak, <em>\u201e\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen skupiny o\u010dak\u00e1va, \u017ee \u010do obetuje pri jednej ot\u00e1zke, z\u00edska sp\u00e4\u0165 recipro\u010dne pri druhej ot\u00e1zke.\u201c<\/em>[2] Pr\u00e1ve tak\u00fdto tich\u00fd s\u00fahlas umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdborom fungova\u0165 efekt\u00edvne bez v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inov\u00e9ho hlasovania a podporuje syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd prispieva k vytv\u00e1raniu rozhodnut\u00ed s pozit\u00edvnym s\u00fa\u010dtom, v ktorom v\u0161etci \u010dlenovia maj\u00fa potenci\u00e1l profitova\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Napriek tomu, \u017ee rozhodovacie procesy v\u00fdborov \u010dasto ved\u00fa k pozit\u00edvnemu s\u00fa\u010dtu, Sartori prizn\u00e1va existenciu vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch konfliktov. Konflikty vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa z nerovnomernej distrib\u00facie ziskov, ktor\u00e9 sa nie v\u017edy podar\u00ed rozlo\u017ei\u0165 rovnomerne medzi \u010dlenov. V tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch sa princ\u00edp v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny m\u00f4\u017ee uplatni\u0165 ako posledn\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 na vyrie\u0161enie sporu. Av\u0161ak Sartori upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee ak sa tento princ\u00edp aplikuje pr\u00edli\u0161 \u010dasto, m\u00f4\u017ee naru\u0161i\u0165 fungovanie v\u00fdboru, ktor\u00fd sa postupne transformuje na v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inov\u00fd rozhodovac\u00ed org\u00e1n, \u010d\u00edm str\u00e1ca v\u00fdhody mechanizmu pozit\u00edvneho s\u00fa\u010dtu \u2013 teda v\u00fdbor prest\u00e1va fungova\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sartori taktie\u017e zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee v\u00fdbory s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u0161ir\u0161ieho syst\u00e9mu prepojen\u00fdch v\u00fdborov, ktor\u00fd si vy\u017eaduje vz\u00e1jomn\u00fa koordin\u00e1ciu. T\u00e1to koordin\u00e1cia je dosiahnut\u00e1 pomocou tzv. <em>bo\u010dn\u00fdch platieb<\/em>, \u010do predstavuj\u00fa \u201e\u00fastupky, ktor\u00e9 ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdbor poskytuje in\u00fdm v\u00fdborom\u201c.[3] Bo\u010dn\u00e9 platby s\u00fa definovan\u00e9 ako intern\u00e9 vn\u00fatroskupinov\u00e9 v\u00fdmeny, ktor\u00e9 vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa pr\u00fady reciprocity medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi v\u00fdbormi a podporuj\u00fa vz\u00e1jomn\u00fa spolupr\u00e1cu. Sartori poznamen\u00e1va, \u017ee s&nbsp;rast\u00facou komplexnos\u0165ou siete v\u00fdborov sa potreba t\u00fdchto automatick\u00fdch \u010di kv\u00e1ziautomatick\u00fdch adapt\u00e1ci\u00ed zvy\u0161uje, \u010d\u00edm sa zabra\u0148uje neust\u00e1lemu vyjedn\u00e1vaniu. V mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch bo\u010dn\u00e9 platby funguj\u00fa ako predv\u00eddate\u013en\u00e9 reakcie na o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie tret\u00edch str\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na z\u00e1ver tejto podkapitoly m\u00f4\u017eeme kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee v\u00fdbory a mechanizmus jednomyse\u013enosti podporuj\u00fa spolupr\u00e1cu a&nbsp;vyh\u00fdbaj\u00fa sa rozdeleniu v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inov\u00e9ho hlasovania. V\u00fdzvu, ktor\u00fa vn\u00edmame je v podobe h\u013eadania rovnov\u00e1hy medzi dosahovan\u00edm konsenzu a&nbsp;ochranou men\u0161inov\u00fdch n\u00e1zorov, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 \u010dastokr\u00e1t prehliadan\u00e9. T\u00fdm sa m\u00f4\u017ee posilni\u0165 legitimita v\u00fdborov, ale aj ich schopnos\u0165 prij\u00edma\u0165 rozhodnutia s&nbsp;pozit\u00edvnym s\u00fa\u010dtom pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u010dlenov spolo\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;V r\u00e1mci druhej podkapitoly <em>V\u00fdbory, \u00fa\u010das\u0165 a&nbsp;demo-distrib\u00facia<\/em> sme sa zamerali na v\u00fdbory ako k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch akt\u00e9rov demokratick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov, nako\u013eko umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa rie\u0161i\u0165 komplexnos\u0165 rozhodovacieho procesu v&nbsp;r\u00e1mci zastupite\u013esk\u00fdch \u0161trukt\u00far. Sartori definuje v\u00fdbory ako flexibiln\u00e9 org\u00e1ny, ktor\u00e9 formuluj\u00fa rozhodnutia a v&nbsp;kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku ich aj prij\u00edmaj\u00fa. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je podotkn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee ich fungovanie a&nbsp;vplyv z\u00e1vis\u00ed od politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, do ktor\u00e9ho patria. \u010co sa t\u00fdka demokraci\u00ed, v\u00fdborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m nadob\u00fada \u0161pecifick\u00e9 charakteristiky. Po\u010det v\u00fdborov rastie ove\u013ea v\u00fdraznej\u0161ie ako v&nbsp;autokraci\u00e1ch, \u010do odr\u00e1\u017ea snahu demokraci\u00e1ch zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 particip\u00e1ciu ob\u010danov a&nbsp;z\u00e1rove\u0148 zvl\u00e1da\u0165 n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 rozhodovacie procesy. V demokracii vznikaj\u00fa v\u00fdbory \u010dasto ako men\u0161ie pracovn\u00e9 skupiny z v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch rozhodovac\u00edch org\u00e1nov. Tento proces m\u00e1 dve protikladn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky. Na jednej strane m\u00f4\u017ee vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 protiorg\u00e1ny, \u010d\u00edm sa oslabuje demokratick\u00fd charakter syst\u00e9mu. Na druhej strane m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 odrazom pluralistick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja demokracie, ktor\u00fd zvy\u0161uje mo\u017enosti \u00fa\u010dasti a poskytuje priestor na zapojenie ob\u010danov. Sartori v\u0161ak upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161enie po\u010dtu v\u00fdborov rie\u0161i probl\u00e9m len pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sa ich m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00fa\u010dastni\u0165. T\u00ed, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa z rozhodovacieho procesu vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00ed, m\u00f4\u017eu poci\u0165ova\u0165 odcudzenie od syst\u00e9mu, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee oslabi\u0165 ich d\u00f4veru v demokraciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Autor kon\u0161tatuje, \u017ee v\u00fdbory maj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo v\u00fdhod ako napr\u00edklad poskytuj\u00fa priestor pre diskusiu a&nbsp;konsenzus, efekt\u00edvne dok\u00e1\u017eu vyu\u017ei\u0165 nerovnomern\u00fa intenzitu preferenci\u00ed, zni\u017euj\u00fa vonkaj\u0161ie rizik\u00e1 bez alebo len s minim\u00e1lnym zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm rozhodovac\u00edch n\u00e1kladov a&nbsp;produkuj\u00fa v\u00fdsledky s&nbsp;pozit\u00edvnym s\u00fa\u010dtom pre cel\u00fa kolektivitu. V&nbsp;neposlednom rade pre men\u0161iny, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pri vo\u013ebe pod\u013ea pravidle v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny marginalizovan\u00e9, v\u00fdbory pon\u00fakaj\u00fa alternat\u00edvu, kde ich preferencie maj\u00fa \u0161ancu na prijatie konsenzu.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na z\u00e1ver tejto podkapitoly m\u00f4\u017eeme kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee v\u00fdbory s\u00fa optim\u00e1lnym mechanizmom rozhodovania len vtedy, ak dok\u00e1\u017eu efekt\u00edvne reprezentova\u0165 r\u00f4znorodos\u0165 n\u00e1zorov a&nbsp;z\u00e1rove\u0148 prin\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 v\u00fdsledky s&nbsp;pozit\u00edvnym s\u00fa\u010dtom pre cel\u00fa kolektivitu. St\u00e1le tu m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165 riziko v&nbsp;tom, \u017ee ich zneu\u017eitie alebo pr\u00edli\u0161n\u00e1 izol\u00e1cia od verejnosti m\u00f4\u017ee oslabi\u0165 samotn\u00fd demokratick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd maj\u00fa podporova\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdbory v&nbsp;demokratick\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch pod\u013ea Sartoriho predstavuj\u00fa jeden z&nbsp;najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1strojov, ako dosahova\u0165 rozhodnutia s pozit\u00edvnym s\u00fa\u010dtom. Ich schopnos\u0165 uplat\u0148ova\u0165 intern\u00e9 a extern\u00e9 platby zabezpe\u010duje s\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 by inak bola ohrozen\u00e1 pri vo\u013ebe pod\u013ea pravidla v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny. Sartoriho my\u0161lienky by sme mohli zasadi\u0165 do kontextu s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch demokratick\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed na ot\u00e1zky particip\u00e1cie a&nbsp;efektivity. V\u00fdbory by mohli by\u0165 odpove\u010fou na fragment\u00e1ciu a&nbsp;polariz\u00e1ciu s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch demokraci\u00ed, preto\u017ee sl\u00fa\u017eia ako vhodn\u00fd mechanizmus pre konsenzus a dlhodob\u00e9 rie\u0161enia. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak zost\u00e1va v\u00fdzvou n\u00e1js\u0165 rovnov\u00e1hu medzi po\u010dtom v\u00fdborov a efektivitou ich fungovania, aby nedo\u0161lo k pre\u0165a\u017eeniu syst\u00e9mu alebo k vytvoreniu privilegovan\u00fdch skup\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 by mohli p\u00f4sobi\u0165 proti demokratick\u00e9mu princ\u00edpu rovnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] SARTORI, G.: <em>Te\u00f3ria demokracie<\/em>. Bratislava: Archa, 1993. s. 230<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2] SARTORI, G.: <em>Te\u00f3ria demokracie<\/em>. Bratislava: Archa, 1993. s. 231<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[3] SARTORI, G.: <em>Te\u00f3ria demokracie<\/em>. Bratislava: Archa, 1993. s. 234<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[4] SARTORI, G.: <em>Te\u00f3ria demokracie<\/em>. Bratislava: Archa, 1993. s. 240-241<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Demokracia ako politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m stoj\u00ed na my\u0161lienke zastupovania a particip\u00e1cie ob\u010danov na rozhodovan\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci tohto syst\u00e9mu sa v\u0161ak uplat\u0148uj\u00fa r\u00f4zne organiza\u010dn\u00e9 mechanizmy, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa efekt\u00edvne a plynul\u00e9 prij\u00edmanie rozhodnut\u00ed. Jedn\u00fdm z k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch mechanizmov v demokratick\u00fdch, ale aj v in\u00fdch politick\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch, s\u00fa v\u00fdbory. Giovanni Sartori v Te\u00f3rii demokracie konkr\u00e9tne v dvoch k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch podkapitol\u00e1ch \u2013 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1288","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eseje"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>V\u00fdbory v demokratick\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch pod\u013ea Giovanniho Sartoriho - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1288\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u00fdbory v demokratick\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch pod\u013ea Giovanniho Sartoriho - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Demokracia ako politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m stoj\u00ed na my\u0161lienke zastupovania a particip\u00e1cie ob\u010danov na rozhodovan\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci tohto syst\u00e9mu sa v\u0161ak uplat\u0148uj\u00fa r\u00f4zne organiza\u010dn\u00e9 mechanizmy, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa efekt\u00edvne a plynul\u00e9 prij\u00edmanie rozhodnut\u00ed. Jedn\u00fdm z k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch mechanizmov v demokratick\u00fdch, ale aj v in\u00fdch politick\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch, s\u00fa v\u00fdbory. Giovanni Sartori v Te\u00f3rii demokracie konkr\u00e9tne v dvoch k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch podkapitol\u00e1ch \u2013 [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1288\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-12-10T05:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-02-01T16:45:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Bc. 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