{"id":1252,"date":"2024-11-10T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-10T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1252"},"modified":"2025-02-01T17:49:57","modified_gmt":"2025-02-01T16:49:57","slug":"hranice-a-vyzvy-demokracie-inspirovane-sartoriho-teoriou-demokracie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1252","title":{"rendered":"Hranice a v\u00fdzvy demokracie: In\u0161pirovan\u00e9 Sartoriho Te\u00f3riou demokracie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Demokracia patr\u00ed k najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm politick\u00fdm my\u0161lienkam nie len n\u00e1\u0161ho modern\u00e9ho sveta. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ide aj o koncept, ktor\u00fd je \u010dasto mylne interpretovan\u00fd alebo a\u017e priamo zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd. Ve\u013emi \u010dasto po\u010d\u00favame, \u017ee r\u00f4zne \u0161t\u00e1tne re\u017eimy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa z&nbsp;n\u00e1\u0161ho poh\u013eadu nedemokratick\u00e9, sa ozna\u010duj\u00fa za demokratick\u00e9 len preto, \u017ee maj\u00fa ustanoven\u00e9 vo\u013eby alebo \u017ee tvrdia, \u017ee reprezentuj\u00fa v\u00f4\u013eu svojho \u013eudu. Z&nbsp;toho d\u00f4vodu je potrebn\u00e9, aby sa presne ur\u010dilo \u010do sa m\u00f4\u017ee a&nbsp;\u010do sa nem\u00f4\u017ee pova\u017eova\u0165 za demokraciu. Tejto problematike jasn\u00e9ho definovania pojmu demokracie, ale aj \u010fal\u0161\u00edm konceptom sa v\u00fdznamn\u00fd politol\u00f3g <em>Giovanni Sartori<\/em> vo svojom diele Te\u00f3ria demokracie, konkr\u00e9tnej\u0161ie v&nbsp;prvej kapitole tejto knihy pod n\u00e1zvom: M\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 demokracia ak\u00fdko\u013evek syst\u00e9m? T\u00e1to kapitola ma ako \u010ditate\u013ea zaujala a&nbsp;z\u00e1rove\u0148 vid\u00edm, \u017ee realita sa zhoduje s&nbsp;te\u00f3riou, ke\u010f\u017ee mnoho nedemokratick\u00fdch re\u017eimov si do n\u00e1zvu svojho \u0161t\u00e1tu zakomponovali slovo \u201edemokracia\u201c. Z&nbsp;toho d\u00f4vodu sa t\u00e1to esej bude venova\u0165 pr\u00e1ve tejto kapitole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na za\u010diatok tejto eseje je potrebn\u00e9 si iba v\u00a0kr\u00e1tkosti poveda\u0165 kto bol <em>Giovanni Sartori<\/em> a\u00a0pre\u010do jeho dielo Te\u00f3ria demokracie je v\u00fdznamn\u00e9. <em>Giovanni Sartori<\/em> bol taliansky filozof a\u00a0hlavne politol\u00f3g, ktor\u00fd sa zaoberal demokraciou, stran\u00edckym syst\u00e9mom a\u00a0komparat\u00edvnou politol\u00f3giou. Poskytol jednu z najvyu\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161\u00edch klasifik\u00e1ci\u00ed politick\u00fdch str\u00e1n.[1] Dielo Te\u00f3ria demokracie poskytuje anal\u00fdzu pojmu demokracia a\u00a0poskytuje svojim \u010ditate\u013eom lep\u0161ie pochopenie tohto pojmu a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 tento pojem chr\u00e1ni pred zneu\u017eit\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pojem demokracie v\u00a0sebe skr\u00fdva jeden v\u00e1\u017eny probl\u00e9m. Probl\u00e9m \u0161irok\u00fdch a\u00a0nejasn\u00fdch defin\u00edci\u00ed. <em>Sartori<\/em> v\u00a0prvej kapitole cituje <em>Orwella<\/em>: <em>\u201ePri slove demokracia, nielen\u017ee nejestvuje v\u0161eobecne prijat\u00e1 defin\u00edcia, ale pokusom vytvori\u0165 tak\u00fato defin\u00edciu sa klad\u00fa prek\u00e1\u017eky zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch str\u00e1n&#8230; Obhajcovia hociktor\u00e9ho typu re\u017eimu tvrdia, \u017ee je demokraciou a\u00a0ob\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa, \u017ee by museli toto slovo presta\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165, ak by sa precizovalo a\u00a0spojilo s\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdm v\u00fdznamom.\u201c<\/em>[2] Vid\u00edme, \u017ee najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m s\u00a0upresnen\u00edm pojmu demokracia m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 pr\u00e1ve re\u017eimy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00a0demokraciou nemaj\u00fa ni\u010d spolo\u010dn\u00e9, ba ani nechc\u00fa ma\u0165. Demokracia im sl\u00fa\u017ei iba ako z\u00e1sterka, ktor\u00e1 ich chr\u00e1ni pred mo\u017en\u00fdmi sankciami a\u00a0probl\u00e9mami, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0nere\u0161pektovan\u00edm demokracie. Tak\u00e9to re\u017eimy sa sna\u017eia manipulova\u0165 verejn\u00fdm obrazom a vzbudzova\u0165 pocit legit\u00edmnosti \u010di f\u00e9rovosti, pri\u010dom v realite pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa autorit\u00e1rske met\u00f3dy. Ak by pojem demokracia bol presnej\u0161\u00ed, ich schov\u00e1vanie za t\u00fdmto pojmom by mohlo \u00a0by\u0165 nemo\u017en\u00e9. Z\u00a0toho d\u00f4vodu <em>Sartori<\/em> varuje pred t\u00fdm, aby demokracia ako pojem nebola ch\u00e1pan\u00e1 pr\u00edli\u0161 otvorene a\u00a0\u0161iroko, preto\u017ee existuje riziko, \u017ee sa tento pojem stane bezcenn\u00fdm, bezv\u00fdznamn\u00fdm a\u00a0bude sa jedna\u0165 len o\u00a0slovn\u00fa pascu. Je to nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, preto\u017ee to m\u00f4\u017ee ohrozi\u0165 skuto\u010dn\u00e9 demokracie a\u00a0d\u00f4veru ob\u010danov v\u00a0demokratick\u00e9 hodnoty a\u00a0in\u0161tit\u00facie. Ak ob\u010dania nebud\u00fa d\u00f4verova\u0165 in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00e1m a nie s\u00fa schopn\u00ed rozozna\u0165 skuto\u010dne demokratick\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie od ich napodobnen\u00edn, m\u00f4\u017ee to sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 oslabenie demokratick\u00fdch \u0161trukt\u00far a n\u00e1rast populizmu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ako zd\u00f4raznil <em>Dahl<\/em>, demokracia funguje len nato\u013eko, nako\u013eko ju realizuj\u00fa jej ide\u00e1ly a hodnoty.[3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00a0\u010fal\u0161ej \u010dasti kapitoly sa <em>Sartori<\/em> venuje rozdielom medzi politickou demokraciou a \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi formami, v r\u00e1mci ktor\u00fdch sa pojem demokracia zvykne sklo\u0148ova\u0165. <em>Sartori<\/em> vyjadruje kritiku nejasn\u00e9ho a \u0161irok\u00e9ho uplat\u0148ovania slova demokracia v apolitick\u00fdch s\u00favislostiach, ktor\u00e9 zaha\u013euje jeho pravdiv\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Okrem politickej demokracie <em>Sartori<\/em> \u010falej menuje soci\u00e1lnu demokraciu, priemyseln\u00fa demokraciu a ekonomick\u00fa demokraciu. Hoci tieto koncepcie s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na my\u0161lienkach rovnosti a spravodlivosti, nie s\u00fa v rovnakom vz\u0165ahu k mocensk\u00fdm \u0161trukt\u00faram ako politick\u00e1 demokracia. Tieto tri tipy demokracie mus\u00edme ch\u00e1pa\u0165 mimo politick\u00e9ho kontextu. S\u00fastre\u010fuj\u00fa sa na konkr\u00e9tne sf\u00e9ry \u017eivota, ako je hospod\u00e1rstvo alebo pr\u00e1ca, a pok\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa sa v nich aplikova\u0165 demokratick\u00e9 princ\u00edpy, ale nie v\u017edy prispievaj\u00fa k budovaniu demokratick\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Tieto r\u00f4zne term\u00edny a\u00a0ozna\u010denia demokracie, m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee sa odvedie pozornos\u0165 od procesov, ktor\u00e9 tvoria z\u00e1klad demokratick\u00fdch zriaden\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm demokracie na ozna\u010denie r\u00f4znych oblast\u00ed sa m\u00f4\u017eu rozplyn\u00fa\u0165 rozdiely medzi t\u00fdm, \u010do politick\u00e1 demokracia skuto\u010dne m\u00f4\u017ee dosiahnu\u0165, a t\u00fdm, \u010do sa od nej mylne vy\u017eaduje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 je, \u017ee ob\u010dania za\u010dn\u00fa od politickej demokracie o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165 veci, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa v&nbsp;jej n\u00e1plni pr\u00e1ce. Pokia\u013e ob\u010dania od demokracie bud\u00fa o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165 viac ne\u017e to, \u010do im politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m dok\u00e1\u017ee zabezpe\u010di\u0165, povedie to k sklamaniu a chybn\u00e9mu pos\u00fadeniu jej d\u00f4le\u017eitosti. \u00dalohy ako rie\u0161enie ekonomickej nerovnosti \u010di soci\u00e1lnych probl\u00e9mov s\u00fa \u00falohy sk\u00f4r politikov ako demokracie. Toto pom\u00fdlenie si \u00faloh m\u00f4\u017ee n\u00e1sledne zapr\u00ed\u010dini\u0165 ned\u00f4veru v&nbsp;\u0161t\u00e1tne in\u0161tit\u00facie, rovnako ako bezcenn\u00fd v\u00fdznam pojmu demokracia. \u010c\u00edm viac sa pojem demokracia roz\u0161\u00edri na r\u00f4zne nepolitick\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy, o to viac sa zni\u017euje jej hlavn\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ak\u00e1ko\u013evek demokracia a demokratick\u00e9 ciele, na ktor\u00fdch n\u00e1m z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed, si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa politick\u00fa demokraciu ako predpoklad a ako n\u00e1stroj. Demokracia je synonymum politickej demokracie a\u00a0z\u00a0toho d\u00f4vodu je demokracia politick\u00fdm pojmom.[4] Bez politickej demokracie nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 uplatni\u0165 demokratick\u00e9 princ\u00edpy v ostatn\u00fdch odvetviach \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm bodom, ktor\u00fd ma pri \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed diela zaujal a\u00a0r\u00e1d by som sa mu v\u00a0tejto eseji venoval je rozli\u0161ovanie medzi \u201eje\u201c a\u00a0\u201em\u00e1 by\u0165\u201c. <em>Sartori<\/em> tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ak chceme porovn\u00e1va\u0165 re\u017eimy, je potrebn\u00e9 aby sme porovn\u00e1vali re\u00e1lny re\u017eim v\u00a0praxi s\u00a0in\u00fdm re\u00e1lnym re\u017eimom v\u00a0praxi. \u010castokr\u00e1t sa deje pr\u00e1ve to, \u017ee sa porovn\u00e1va re\u00e1lny re\u017eim v\u00a0praxi s\u00a0ide\u00e1lom, te\u00f3riou, ako by mal dan\u00fd re\u017eim vyzera\u0165. Ako pr\u00edklad uv\u00e1dza porovnanie ide\u00e1lneho socializmu s\u00a0re\u00e1lnou demokraciou.[5] Tak\u00e9to porovn\u00e1vanie je nespravodliv\u00e9, preto\u017ee vieme, \u017ee realita m\u00e1 v\u017edy nejak\u00fa odch\u00fdlku od te\u00f3rie a\u00a0od ide\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd \u010derp\u00e1 v\u00fdhody od svojej hypotetickej predstavy o\u00a0dokonalom syst\u00e9me. Ak sa ide\u00e1lne syst\u00e9my nikdy neuplat\u0148ovali v praxi, nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 s ur\u010ditos\u0165ou vyhl\u00e1si\u0165, \u017ee by boli realizovate\u013en\u00e9 alebo pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 v re\u00e1lnom svete. Taktie\u017e tak\u00e9to nerovn\u00e9 porovn\u00e1vanie m\u00f4\u017ee dovies\u0165 ob\u010danov k\u00a0my\u0161lienkam, \u017ee je ich syst\u00e9m, napr\u00edklad ten demokratick\u00fd, ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd a\u00a0mal by by\u0165 nahraden\u00fdm t\u00fdm druh\u00fdm s\u00a0ktor\u00fdm sa porovn\u00e1va. V\u00a0porovn\u00e1van\u00ed predsa znie lep\u0161ie. Politick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my v\u00a0realite s\u00fa \u010dastokr\u00e1t ovplyvnen\u00e9 chybami \u013eud\u00ed alebo limitmi, kv\u00f4li ktor\u00fdm nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 naplni\u0165 predstavovan\u00fd ide\u00e1l. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 si uvedomi\u0165, \u017ee \u017eiaden re\u017eim nedok\u00e1\u017ee naplni\u0165 svoj ide\u00e1lny stav, \u010di u\u017e sa jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0demokraciu, socializmus, komunizmus alebo in\u00e9 re\u017eimy. Porovn\u00e1vanie re\u00e1lnych re\u017eimov s ide\u00e1lnymi m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 n\u00e1strojom, ktor\u00fd kritici demokratick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa aby vytvorili pocit, \u017ee demokracia zlyh\u00e1va. Pr\u00e1ve preto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby sme porovn\u00e1vali hlavne re\u00e1lne s\u00a0re\u00e1lnym ako ide\u00e1lne s\u00a0ide\u00e1lnym. \u017dijeme v\u00a0re\u00e1lnom svete, ktor\u00fd nie je ide\u00e1lny vo viacer\u00fdch oblastiach a\u00a0preto by realita mala by\u0165 nad ide\u00e1lom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pou\u017e\u00edvanie pojmu demokracia pr\u00edli\u0161 \u010dasto v rozli\u010dn\u00fdch kontextoch m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 jeho oslabenie. V aktu\u00e1lnej politickej realite sme neraz vystaven\u00ed pokusom o manipul\u00e1ciu s t\u00fdmto pojmom za \u00fa\u010delom legitimiz\u00e1cie nedemokratick\u00fdch postupov. Ak chceme chr\u00e1ni\u0165 demokraciu, mus\u00edme by\u0165 schopn\u00ed ju jednozna\u010dne definova\u0165 a pochopi\u0165, \u010do presne od nej po\u017eadujeme. Demokracia je prim\u00e1rne n\u00e1strojom spravodlivej a efekt\u00edvnej spr\u00e1vy vec\u00ed verejn\u00fdch, av\u0161ak je len tak\u00e1 siln\u00e1, ak\u00ed siln\u00ed s\u00fa jej ob\u010dania. Preto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 udr\u017ea\u0165 si realistick\u00fd obraz o tom, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee prinies\u0165. <strong><br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] <em>Giovanni Sartori \u017eivotopis.<\/em> [online], [cit. 14\/10\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: &lt;https:\/\/www.databazeknih.cz\/zivotopis\/giovanni-sartori-17755>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2] SARTORI, G.: Te\u00f3ria demokracie. Archa, 1993, s. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[3] SARTORI, G.: Te\u00f3ria demokracie. Archa, 1993, s. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[4] SARTORI, G.: Te\u00f3ria demokracie. Archa, 1993, s. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[5] SARTORI, G.: Te\u00f3ria demokracie. Archa, 1993, s. 15<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Demokracia patr\u00ed k najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm politick\u00fdm my\u0161lienkam nie len n\u00e1\u0161ho modern\u00e9ho sveta. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ide aj o koncept, ktor\u00fd je \u010dasto mylne interpretovan\u00fd alebo a\u017e priamo zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd. Ve\u013emi \u010dasto po\u010d\u00favame, \u017ee r\u00f4zne \u0161t\u00e1tne re\u017eimy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa z&nbsp;n\u00e1\u0161ho poh\u013eadu nedemokratick\u00e9, sa ozna\u010duj\u00fa za demokratick\u00e9 len preto, \u017ee maj\u00fa ustanoven\u00e9 vo\u013eby alebo \u017ee tvrdia, \u017ee reprezentuj\u00fa v\u00f4\u013eu svojho \u013eudu. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eseje"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hranice a v\u00fdzvy demokracie: In\u0161pirovan\u00e9 Sartoriho Te\u00f3riou demokracie - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1252\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hranice a v\u00fdzvy demokracie: In\u0161pirovan\u00e9 Sartoriho Te\u00f3riou demokracie - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Demokracia patr\u00ed k najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm politick\u00fdm my\u0161lienkam nie len n\u00e1\u0161ho modern\u00e9ho sveta. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ide aj o koncept, ktor\u00fd je \u010dasto mylne interpretovan\u00fd alebo a\u017e priamo zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd. Ve\u013emi \u010dasto po\u010d\u00favame, \u017ee r\u00f4zne \u0161t\u00e1tne re\u017eimy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa z&nbsp;n\u00e1\u0161ho poh\u013eadu nedemokratick\u00e9, sa ozna\u010duj\u00fa za demokratick\u00e9 len preto, \u017ee maj\u00fa ustanoven\u00e9 vo\u013eby alebo \u017ee tvrdia, \u017ee reprezentuj\u00fa v\u00f4\u013eu svojho \u013eudu. [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1252\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-10T05:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-02-01T16:49:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Bc. 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