{"id":1205,"date":"2024-09-30T21:39:18","date_gmt":"2024-09-30T19:39:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1205"},"modified":"2024-09-30T21:39:20","modified_gmt":"2024-09-30T19:39:20","slug":"machiavelliho-republikanizmus-vladar-a-odkaz-v-sucasnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1205","title":{"rendered":"Machiavelliho republikanizmus, Vlad\u00e1r a odkaz v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00davod<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predlo\u017een\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok sa venuje r\u00f4znym my\u0161lienkam a t\u00e9zam Niccola Machiavelliho<\/em>, ktor\u00fd je mnoh\u00fdmi pova\u017eovan\u00fd za jedn\u00e9ho z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch talianskych myslite\u013eov renesan\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia. D\u00f4vodom pre v\u00fdber t\u00fdchto t\u00e9m bola prim\u00e1rne ve\u013ekolepos\u0165 Niccola Machiavelliho a jeho my\u0161lienok. Jeho filozofia z 15. a 16. storo\u010dia polo\u017eila siln\u00e9 z\u00e1klady v r\u00f4znych odvetviach, napr. humanistick\u00fdch ved\u00e1ch, vojenstve, demokracii \u010di pr\u00e1ve. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm d\u00f4vodom pre v\u00fdber pr\u00e1ve t\u00fdchto my\u0161lienok bol fakt, \u017ee skuto\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 samotn\u00fd Machiavelli popisoval, v\u00fdrazne rezonuj\u00fa aj v dne\u0161nej dobe. V pr\u00e1ci vyu\u017e\u00edvame met\u00f3du anal\u00fdzy, synt\u00e9zy sk\u00faman\u00fdch textov a taktie\u017e aj esejistick\u00fa formu pri jednotliv\u00fdch t\u00e9mach. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlavn\u00fdm cie\u013eom \u010dl\u00e1nku je charakterizova\u0165 a\u00a0pribl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 vybran\u00e9 t\u00e9my z\u00a0filozofie Niccola Machiavelliho. Parci\u00e1lnym cie\u013eom je pribl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 vlastn\u00fd poh\u013ead na dan\u00e9 problematiky. Pr\u00e1ca sa del\u00ed do \u0161tyroch kapitol. Prv\u00e1 kapitola sa venuje Machiavelliho \u017eivotu a\u00a0jeho kari\u00e9re. Prv\u00e1 kapitola taktie\u017e pribli\u017euje aj vtedaj\u0161ie dianie v\u00a0talianskej Florencii, ktor\u00e1 je pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za ba\u0161tu talianskej renesancie. Druh\u00e1 kapitola sa n\u00e1sledne venuje Machiavelliho t\u00e9zam o\u00a0republik\u00e1nstve, ktor\u00e9 je vo svojich prvopo\u010diatkoch sp\u00e1jan\u00e9 pr\u00e1ve s\u00a0jeho osobou. V\u00a0tretej kapitole sa venujeme my\u0161lienkam, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vyjadren\u00e9 v\u00a0najzn\u00e1mej\u0161om diele Niccola Machiavelliho s\u00a0n\u00e1zvom Vlad\u00e1r <\/em>(The Prince<\/em>, Il Principe<\/em>). V poslednej kapitole \u00favahy a\u00a0odkaz Machiavelliho filozofie do dne\u0161n\u00fdch dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Machiavelliho \u017eivot a kari\u00e9ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli<\/em> sa narodil 3. m\u00e1ja 1469 vo Florencii do s\u00edce prominentnej rodiny, no nie pr\u00edli\u0161 z\u00e1mo\u017enej. Aj ke\u010f rodina Machiavelliovcov bola vo Florencii uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 najm\u00e4 v\u00a013. storo\u010d\u00ed kv\u00f4li \u00faradn\u00edckym aktivit\u00e1m, Niccol\u00f2v otec Bernardo<\/em>, bol jeden z\u00a0chudobnej\u0161\u00edch \u010dlenov rodiny a\u00a0\u017eil v\u00a0skromn\u00fdch, no pre\u0148ho dosta\u010duj\u00facich podmienkach. Finan\u010dn\u00e9 a\u00a0ekonomick\u00e9 komplik\u00e1cie mu sp\u00f4sobili prim\u00e1rne dlhy po jeho otcovi a bl\u00edzkej rodine. Napriek tomu bol Bernardo doktor pr\u00e1v a\u00a0vo Florencii, ktor\u00e1 bola pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za ba\u0161tu renesancie, filozofie a\u00a0umenia, prev\u00e1dzkoval kni\u017enicu, v\u00a0ktorej bol Machiavelli okolit\u00fdmi vplyvmi prin\u00faten\u00fd \u010d\u00edta\u0165 a\u00a0vzdel\u00e1va\u0165 sa. Pod\u013ea neskor\u0161\u00edch zisten\u00ed z\u00a0Machiavelliho v\u00fdpiskov bolo zisten\u00e9 \u017ee ovl\u00e1dal latin\u010dinu a\u00a0z\u00a0\u010dasti aj gr\u00e9\u010dtinu. Ako mlad\u00fd bol taktie\u017e vyu\u010dovan\u00fd Marcellom Virgiliom Adrianim<\/em> a\u00a0dosiahol humanistick\u00e9 vzdelanie.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Machiavelliho cestu na v\u00fdslnie sprev\u00e1dzalo nieko\u013eko udalost\u00ed. V\u00a0roku 1494 sa k\u00a0moci vo Florentskej republike dostal dominik\u00e1nsky, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd a\u00a0politick\u00fd reform\u00e1tor Girolamo Savonarola<\/em>, ktor\u00fd pr\u00e1voplatne pod\u013ea florentskej \u00fastavy zmenil politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m z\u00a0oligarchie na teokraciu. Jeho vl\u00e1dnutie je s\u00edce vo florentskej hist\u00f3ri\u00ed pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9, no trvalo len \u0161tyri roky. V\u00a0roku 1498 bol Savonarola obvinen\u00fd, ods\u00faden\u00fd a\u00a0n\u00e1sledne aj obesen\u00fd z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu kac\u00edrstva. Machiavelli bol Savonarolom zna\u010dne nad\u0161en\u00fd a\u00a0to najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li jeho kritike, u\u010deniu, r\u00e9torick\u00fdm schopnostiam a\u00a0reform\u00e1torsk\u00fdm aktivit\u00e1m v\u00a0oblasti cirkvi. Po smrti Savonarolu v\u00a0m\u00e1ji 1498, sa celkom ne\u010dakane 29 ro\u010dn\u00fd Machiavelli st\u00e1va predsedom Druh\u00e9ho kancel\u00e1rstva<\/em> vo Florentskej republike, \u010do vyvolalo v\u00a0spolo\u010dnosti ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo ot\u00e1zok a\u00a0rozruchu z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu jeho nedostato\u010dn\u00fdch\u00a0 sk\u00fasenosti\u00a0 v\u00a0tejto oblasti. Jeho aktivity a\u00a0\u00falohy sa s\u00fastredili najm\u00e4 na takzvan\u00fa Radu desiatich<\/em>, v\u010faka ktorej sa anga\u017eoval v\u00a0diplomatickom, vojenskom a\u00a0zahrani\u010dnom prostred\u00ed. Po\u010das jeho prv\u00fdch rokov zast\u00e1vania \u00faradu, Machiavelli a\u00a0jeho republik\u00e1nsky pr\u00edstup mu pomohli pri reform\u00e1ch v\u00a0oblasti arm\u00e1dy. Jeho ciele o\u00a0r\u00edmskej v\u00fdchove a\u00a0ob\u010dianskeho pe\u0161ieho vojska sa naplnili v\u00a0roku 1506, kedy toto vojsko r\u00e1talo a\u017e na po\u010det 20 tis\u00edc mu\u017eov, ktor\u00ed sl\u00fa\u017eili prim\u00e1rne na obranu \u00fazemia a ob\u010dasn\u00e9 dobyvate\u013esk\u00e9 aktivity. V\u00a0oblasti diplomacie s\u00fa jeho najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie aktivity cesty do Franc\u00fazska za Cesarom Borgiom<\/em>, synom p\u00e1pe\u017ea Alexandra VI<\/em>., p\u00e1pe\u017eom J\u00faliusom II.<\/em>, a\u00a0n\u00e1sledne cesty za r\u00edmsko-nemeck\u00fdm cis\u00e1rom Maximilianom I<\/em>.\u00a0 Dokopy po\u010das jeho \u0161trn\u00e1s\u0165 ro\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00faradovania, je po\u010det jeho diplomatick\u00fdch misi\u00ed odhadovan\u00fdch na \u010d\u00edslach presahuj\u00facich a\u017e \u0161tyri desiatky.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Machiavelli a\u00a0republikanizmus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odhliadnuc od klasick\u00e9ho Machiavellistick\u00e9ho paradoxu <\/em>a\u00a0protire\u010deniach v\u00a0jeho dielach Rozpravy<\/em> a\u00a0Vlad\u00e1r <\/em>(republik\u00e1n alebo autokrat?), sa vo ve\u013ekej \u010dasti pozer\u00e1me na osobu Nicolla Machiavelliho<\/em> ako na \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady modernej politickej vedy. Napriek rozporuplnosti jeho n\u00e1zorov, sa prikl\u00e1\u0148ame k\u00a0predstavite\u013eom Cambridgskej \u0161koly<\/em>, ktor\u00ed pouk\u00e1zali na jeho v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pr\u00ednos pre politick\u00fa vedu a\u00a0schopnosti popisova\u0165 politick\u00e9 udalosti v\u00a0jeho dob\u00e1ch. Quentin Skinner<\/em> taktie\u017e poukazuje na historick\u00fd v\u00fdznam Machiavelliho v\u00a0metodol\u00f3gii a\u00a0v\u00fdskume v\u0161etk\u00fdch spolo\u010densk\u00fdch vied.[3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co sa t\u00fdka Machiavelliho republikanizmu, zaujalo n\u00e1\u0161 najm\u00e4 p\u00e1r bodov, o\u00a0ktor\u00e9 sa neust\u00e1le opieral. Siln\u00fdm z\u00e1kladom bola ochrana slobody v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed v\u00a0spolo\u010dnosti. Napriek tomu, \u017ee ob\u010das mohli jeho t\u00e9zy vyznieva\u0165 tyransky, v\u00a0republikanskom pon\u00edman\u00ed odsudzoval ak\u00e9ko\u013evek obmedzenie slobody jednotlivca, \u010do pod\u013ea n\u00e1\u0161ho n\u00e1zoru vypoved\u00e1 o\u00a0silnom demokratickom nastaven\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho Machiavelliho. Politick\u00e1 sloboda sa pod\u013ea neho taktie\u017e st\u00e1va aj slobodou osobnou.[4] \u010ealej bola d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 aj ob\u010dianska anga\u017eovanos\u0165 a\u00a0\u00fa\u010das\u0165 na verejnom \u017eivote. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby \u013eudia v\u00a0spolo\u010dnosti mali z\u00e1ujem podie\u013ea\u0165 sa na chode veci verejn\u00fdch a\u00a0aby mali z\u00e1ujem rozhodova\u0165 v\u00a0istom zmysle o\u00a0fungovan\u00ed spolo\u010denstva, v\u00a0ktorom \u017eij\u00fa. Rezonuj\u00facim probl\u00e9mom v\u00a0Machiavelliho filozofii bola aj samotn\u00e1 korupcia a\u00a0jej obmedzovanie. Na korupciu sa pozeral najm\u00e4 cez prizmu funguj\u00faceho n\u00e1stroja v\u00a0politike na dosahovanie mocensk\u00fdch \u010di ekonomick\u00fdch cie\u013eov. Rovnako pouk\u00e1zal aj na korupciu vo vtedaj\u0161\u00edch talianskych mestsk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch.[5] \u010eal\u0161\u00edm nosn\u00fdm pilierom v\u00a0Machiavelliho republike bolo vlastenectvo a\u00a0oddanos\u0165. Pod\u013ea neho mali jednotlivci dba\u0165 o\u00a0spolo\u010dn\u00e9 dobro, \u010do potvrdzovalo, \u017ee samotn\u00fd Machiavelli nebol bytostn\u00fdm individualistom. Ob\u010dianstvo mestsk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov a\u00a0republ\u00edk malo by\u0165 ochotn\u00e9 obetova\u0165 svoje vlastn\u00e9 z\u00e1ujmy v\u00a0prospech celku. Posledn\u00fdm, no azda najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm aspektom bola kontrola moci v\u00a0republike. Pod\u013ea Machiavelliho mala by\u0165 republika syst\u00e9mom, ktor\u00fd obmedz\u00ed koncentr\u00e1ciu moci v\u00a0ruk\u00e1ch jedn\u00e9ho jednotlivca alebo jednej skupiny \u013eud\u00ed (odkaz na oligarchick\u00fd apar\u00e1t v\u00a0dne\u0161nej dobe). Vo viacer\u00fdch t\u00e9zach staval do popredia rozdelenie moci medzi v\u00fdkonn\u00e9, z\u00e1konodarn\u00e9 \u010di s\u00fadne org\u00e1ny a\u00a0t\u00fdm tak aj rovnov\u00e1\u017ene rozdelenie samotnej moci (v novodobej hist\u00f3rii ur\u010dite in\u0161pir\u00e1cia pre princ\u00edp \u201echecks and balances<\/em>\u201c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00a0vlad\u00e1rovi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sk\u00faman\u00e9 Machiavelliho dielo pova\u017eujeme za ak\u00fdsi n\u00e1vod, recept a\u00a0in\u0161trukcie pre ide\u00e1lneho panovn\u00edka. Machiavelli v \u0148om rad\u00ed ako z\u00edska\u0165 moc, ako si moc udr\u017ea\u0165, ako riadi\u0165 vojsko, vojnu a\u00a0taktie\u017e pojedn\u00e1va o\u00a0spravovan\u00ed \u0161t\u00e1tu ako samostatnej jednotky. Tento n\u00e1vod taktie\u017e prin\u00e1\u0161a my\u0161lienky, ako privies\u0165 \u0161t\u00e1t do \u0161t\u00e1dia suverenity, stabilnosti a\u00a0hierarchie. Najviac ide\u00e1lny politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m je pre Machiavelliho vl\u00e1da jedn\u00e9ho \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd riadi moc tvrdou rukou bez zav\u00e1hania. Z\u00e1kladom je taktie\u017e \u00eds\u0165 vzorom pre \u013eud\u00ed v\u00a0spolo\u010dnosti, by\u0165 ist\u00fd vo svojich rozhodnutiach a\u00a0samozrejme vzbudzova\u0165 ist\u00fa formu re\u0161pektu.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politikov Machiavelli opisuje ako \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00fdm ide o\u00a0jednu vec, ktorou je moc. Moc opisuje ako najsilnej\u0161\u00ed aspekt v\u00a0spolo\u010dnost\u00ed a politike, no t\u00fato moc m\u00f4\u017ee z\u00edska\u0165 len jeden zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch. Politika by pod\u013ea neho nemala by\u0165 riaden\u00e1 spolo\u010dn\u00fdm dobrom, preto\u017ee to pod\u013ea neho nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 zadefinova\u0165 \u010di ur\u010di\u0165, a\u00a0t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom neexistuje. Machiavelli sa taktie\u017e pozer\u00e1 ve\u013emi kriticky aj na v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed a\u00a0pova\u017euje ich len za materialistov, ktor\u00fdm ide len o\u00a0svoj vlastn\u00fd majetok. Mor\u00e1lne hodnoty pre Machiavelliho neznamenaj\u00fa ni\u010d, t\u00fdm vznikol aj jeho najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrok \u201e\u00fa\u010del sv\u00e4t\u00ed prostriedky\u201c<\/em>.[7]<\/a> Tento v\u00fdrok ch\u00e1peme ako v zna\u010dnej miere nemor\u00e1lny, ke\u010f\u017ee \u010dlovek pod\u013ea neho, ak chce dosiahnu\u0165 svoj cie\u013e, m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017ei\u0165 aj \u201ezak\u00e1zan\u00e9\u201c zbrane, podvody, n\u00e1silie, korupciu popr\u00edpade lobbying. Nar\u00e1\u017eame tak na fakt, \u017ee mor\u00e1lnos\u0165 v\u00a0politike a\u00a0v\u00a0mocensk\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch nikdy nehrala pr\u00edli\u0161 v\u00fdznamn\u00fa rolu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0V\u00a0s\u00favislostiach s\u00a0vojnou opisuje Machiavelli vojensk\u00e9 aktivity ako najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu prioritu samotn\u00e9ho panovn\u00edka. Panovn\u00edk s\u00a0dobr\u00fdmi vojensk\u00fdmi schopnos\u0165ami mus\u00ed tieto aspekty vyu\u017ei\u0165 na zachovanie a\u00a0udr\u017eiavanie svojej moci a\u00a0taktie\u017e aj na roz\u0161\u00edrenie vplyvu, popr\u00edpade na z\u00edskavanie nov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed. Okrem toho u\u00a0Machiavelliho v\u00fdrazne rezonovala kritika \u017eoldnierskeho vojska, ktor\u00e9 ozna\u010doval ako ne\u017eiad\u00faci jav v\u00a0spolo\u010dnosti.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00davaha a\u00a0odkaz do dne\u0161nej doby<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z n\u00e1\u0161ho poh\u013eadu vn\u00edmame Machiavelliho ako krstn\u00e9ho otca modernej politickej vedy a\u00a0renesan\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00a0republik\u00e1nstva. Nad\u010dasovos\u0165 jeho diel neprest\u00e1va udivova\u0165 ani po dlh\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch \u0161tudovania tohto ve\u013ek\u00e9ho myslite\u013ea. Najviac n\u00e1m v\u0161ak pri Machiavelliho t\u00e9zach utkvelo pr\u00edslovie \u201e\u00fa\u010del sv\u00e4t\u00ed prostriedky\u201c<\/em>. V\u00a0tomto pr\u00edslov\u00ed vid\u00edme rezonuj\u00face posolstvo najm\u00e4 v dne\u0161nej politike po celom svete. Politick\u00e9 elity a\u00a0n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 ve\u013emoci vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa prim\u00e1rne mor\u00e1lne kroky na dosiahnutie vplyvu a moci. Tento jav v\u0161ak u\u017e z\u00a0re\u00e1lneho h\u013eadiska je mo\u017en\u00fd len v\u00a0niektor\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch sveta, autokracia v\u00a0tomto liber\u00e1lno-demokratickom svete je sk\u00f4r pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za nie\u010do zl\u00e9 a \u201ezak\u00e1zan\u00e9\u201c. Mysl\u00edme si v\u0161ak, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve tieto nemor\u00e1lne, korup\u010dn\u00e9 a podvodn\u00e9 praktiky s\u00fa vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 aj v\u00a0ka\u017edej jednej demokratickej krajine sveta, v\u00a0niektor\u00fdch samozrejme viac (vi\u010f. napr. Democracy Index, Corruption Index<\/em>). Tieto \u201ehry o\u00a0moc\u201c<\/em> pomocou \u201ezak\u00e1zan\u00fdch\u201c zbran\u00ed sa pod\u013ea n\u00e1\u0161ho n\u00e1zoru \u010dastokr\u00e1t len skr\u00fdvaj\u00fa za vyhl\u00e1senia o\u00a0demokratickom nastaven\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00e9ho sveta. Preto na\u0161e presved\u010denie spo\u010d\u00edva v\u00a0tom, \u017ee politick\u00e9 elity sa aj v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00fdch d\u0148och, stovky rokov po Machiavellim, dr\u017eia a\u00a0riadia jeho v\u00fdrokom \u201e\u00fa\u010del sv\u00e4t\u00ed prostriedky\u201c<\/em>. Dodr\u017eiavanie mor\u00e1lnych\u00a0 hodn\u00f4t vn\u00edmame ako len ak\u00fdsi \u201etrend\u201c po nepr\u00edjemn\u00fdch udalostiach, ktor\u00e9 postihli modern\u00fa civiliz\u00e1ciu (napr. Svetov\u00e9 vojny, genoc\u00eddy, pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 katastrofy at\u010f.), n\u00e1sledne v\u0161ak \u010dasom\u00a0 po t\u00fdchto udalostiach postupne upadaj\u00fa do zatratenia. Rovnako m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165 odvol\u00e1vanie sa na mor\u00e1lnos\u0165 pri populistickom \u0161t\u00fdle politiky, ktor\u00e1 v\u00a0posledn\u00fdch dek\u00e1dach v\u00fdznamne nabrala na sile nie len v\u00a0Eur\u00f3pe ale aj po celom svete. Za najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edch predstavite\u013eov s\u00a0populistickou r\u00e9torikou m\u00f4\u017eeme s\u00a0ur\u010ditos\u0165ou pova\u017eova\u0165 napr. b\u00fdval\u00e9ho americk\u00e9ho prezidenta Donalda Trumpa<\/em>, ma\u010farsk\u00e9ho premi\u00e9ra Viktora Orb\u00e1na<\/em>, franc\u00fazsku politi\u010dku Marine Le Pen<\/em> \u010di tureck\u00e9ho prezidenta Recepa Tayyipa Erdo\u011fana<\/em>.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e9my, ktor\u00fdm sme sa v tejto semestr\u00e1lnej pr\u00e1ci venovali v\u00fdrazne rezonuj\u00fa aj v dne\u0161nej dobe, nieko\u013eko storo\u010d\u00ed po samotnom Machiavellim. Nad\u010dasovos\u0165 jeho myslenia a jeho filozofia je neodmyslite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou pri ve\u013ekej \u010dasti humanistick\u00fdch vied. Met\u00f3dy, ktor\u00e9 sme vyu\u017eili v na\u0161om \u010dl\u00e1nku, n\u00e1m pomohli naplni\u0165 hlavn\u00fd cie\u013e spolo\u010dne s parci\u00e1lnym.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00a0prvej kapitole sme sa venovali \u017eivotu Niccola Machiavelliho, ktor\u00fd bol pestr\u00fd u\u017e od jeho detstva. Rovnako st\u00e1la za zmienku a\u00a0jeho kari\u00e9ra, po\u010das ktorej si musel prejs\u0165 nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi prek\u00e1\u017ekami a\u00a0dopracova\u0165 sa tak k\u00a0jeho \u017eivotn\u00fdm dielam. Druh\u00e1 kapitola sa dot\u00fdkala v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch bodov pri Machiavelliho po\u0148at\u00ed republik\u00e1nstva. V\u00a0skratke sme taktie\u017e nazna\u010dili aj Machiavelliho paradox, ktor\u00fd je pr\u00edtomn\u00fd v\u00a0jeho dvoch najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch dielach. V\u00a0tretej kapitole sme pribl\u00ed\u017eili n\u00e1\u0161 poh\u013ead na dielo Vlad\u00e1r a\u00a0jeho uchopenie v\u00a0politickej praxi. Na z\u00e1ver sme pomocou \u00favahy pribl\u00ed\u017eili odkaz Machiavelliho filozofie do dne\u0161nej doby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] MANSFIELD, H.: Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli. <\/em>[online], [cit. 10\/5\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Niccolo-Machiavelli>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] MANSFIELD, H.: Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli. <\/em>[online], [cit. 10\/5\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Niccolo-Machiavelli>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] ZNOJ, M.; B\u00cdBA, J.: Machiavelli mezi republikanismem a\u00a0demokraci\u00ed<\/em>. Praha: Filosofia, 2011, s. 21-23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] ZNOJ, M.; B\u00cdBA, J.: Ref. 3, s. 61-62.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] MANSFIELD, H.; TARCOV, N.: Discourses on Livy<\/em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, s. 47-49. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] VALENT, J.: Niccol\u00f3 Machiavelli – Ot\u00e1zka vlad\u00e1rskych cnost\u00ed v politike<\/em>. [online], [cit. 10\/5\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/historickarevue.sme.sk\/c\/22528394\/niccolo-machiavelli.html>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] VALENT, J.: Niccol\u00f3 Machiavelli – Ot\u00e1zka vlad\u00e1rskych cnost\u00ed v politike<\/em>. [online], [cit. 10\/5\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/historickarevue.sme.sk\/c\/22528394\/niccolo-machiavelli.html>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] O\u2019ROURKE, J.: Machiavelli\u2019s The Prince: Still Relevant after All These Years<\/em>. [online], [cit. 10\/5\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/articles\/2013\/machiavelli-the-prince-still-relevant-after-all-these-years\/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] MOUNK, Y.; KYLE, J.: What Populists Do to Democracies<\/em>. [online], [cit. 10\/5\/2024]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2018\/12\/hard-data-populism-bolsonaro-trump\/578878\/>. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00davod Predlo\u017een\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok sa venuje r\u00f4znym my\u0161lienkam a t\u00e9zam Niccola Machiavelliho, ktor\u00fd je mnoh\u00fdmi pova\u017eovan\u00fd za jedn\u00e9ho z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch talianskych myslite\u013eov renesan\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia. D\u00f4vodom pre v\u00fdber t\u00fdchto t\u00e9m bola prim\u00e1rne ve\u013ekolepos\u0165 Niccola Machiavelliho a jeho my\u0161lienok. 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