{"id":1192,"date":"2024-09-30T21:05:26","date_gmt":"2024-09-30T19:05:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1192"},"modified":"2024-09-30T21:44:37","modified_gmt":"2024-09-30T19:44:37","slug":"chudoba-ako-socialny-jav","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1192","title":{"rendered":"Chudoba ako soci\u00e1lny jav"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V kontexte \u013eudskej hist\u00f3rie sa chudoba prejavuje ako z\u00e1kladn\u00fd spolo\u010densk\u00fd fenom\u00e9n s hlbok\u00fdmi historick\u00fdmi kore\u0148mi, zasahuj\u00faci nielen jednotlivcov, ale aj \u0161ir\u0161ie spolo\u010densk\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary. Chudoba v priebehu civiliza\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja pre\u0161la v\u00fdraznou evol\u00faciou, od mystick\u00fdch v\u00fdkladov v ran\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch a filozofick\u00fdch textoch, a\u017e po s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa multidimenzion\u00e1lnu koncepciu, ktor\u00e1 zoh\u013ead\u0148uje komplexn\u00e9 soci\u00e1lne, ekonomick\u00e9 a kult\u00farne faktory. Historick\u00fd v\u00fdskum a anal\u00fdza ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 ch\u00e1panie chudoby \u010dasto zah\u0155\u0148alo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd alebo metafyzick\u00fd rozmer, kde bol tento stav vn\u00edman\u00fd ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 bo\u017eieho pl\u00e1nu, alebo mor\u00e1lnej v\u00fdzvy. Tom\u00e1\u0161 Akvinsk\u00fd<\/em>, v r\u00e1mci svojej teologicko-filozofickej pr\u00e1ce, sp\u00e1jal chudobu s duchovn\u00fdm poslan\u00edm, kde bohat\u00ed mali pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165 prejavi\u0165 milosrdenstvo vo\u010di chudobn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pojmy a defin\u00edcie chudoby v r\u00f4znych kontextoch sa m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165, a preto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee neexistuje jedna spr\u00e1vna alebo vedeck\u00e1 defin\u00edcia chudoby. R\u00f4zne kult\u00fary, spolo\u010densk\u00e9 skupiny a organiz\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 odli\u0161n\u00e9 poh\u013eady na to, \u010do znamen\u00e1 by\u0165 chudobn\u00fdm. Okrem toho je aj meranie chudoby komplexn\u00fdm procesom. Existuje nieko\u013eko met\u00f3d a ukazovate\u013eov, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na hodnotenie rozsahu a z\u00e1va\u017enosti chudoby v danej spolo\u010dnosti. Tieto met\u00f3dy zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa meranie pr\u00edjmu, spotreby, \u017eivotn\u00fdch podmienok, pr\u00edstupu k zdravotnej starostlivosti a vzdelaniu, ako aj soci\u00e1lneho a kult\u00farneho kapit\u00e1lu. Preto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 uzna\u0165, \u017ee identifik\u00e1cia a popis chudobn\u00fdch a chudobou ohrozen\u00fdch skup\u00edn je dynamick\u00fd proces, ktor\u00fd sa men\u00ed v \u010dase a v r\u00f4znych kontextoch. Je nevyhnutn\u00e9 analyzova\u0165 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 faktory a podmienky, ktor\u00e9 prispievaj\u00fa k chudobe v konkr\u00e9tnom prostred\u00ed, a vyv\u00edja\u0165 prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9 strat\u00e9gie na jej zmiernenie a prevenciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S postupn\u00fdm v\u00fdvojom spolo\u010dnosti sa v\u0161ak formovali nov\u00e9 perspekt\u00edvy. V16. storo\u010d\u00ed Juan Luis Vives<\/em> definoval koncept komunitnej starostlivosti, kde spolo\u010dnos\u0165 mala zodpovednos\u0165 za starostlivos\u0165 o chudobn\u00fdch prostredn\u00edctvom organizovan\u00fdch foriem pomoci a solidarity. V modernej \u00e9re, d\u00f4sledkom priemyselnej revol\u00facie a vzniku kapitalistick\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva, sa chudoba stala t\u00e9mou intenz\u00edvneho diskurzu. Ekonomick\u00e9 te\u00f3rie, ako Malthusova te\u00f3ria, upozornili na rast\u00faci rozdiel medzi rastom popul\u00e1cie a dostupn\u00fdmi zdrojmi, \u010do viedlo k presved\u010deniu, \u017ee podpora chudoby by mohla vies\u0165 k dlhodobej\u0161\u00edm soci\u00e1lnym probl\u00e9mom. S n\u00e1stupom 20. storo\u010dia sa zintenz\u00edvnila snaha o \u0161t\u00e1tne intervencie do oblasti soci\u00e1lnej politiky s cie\u013eom rie\u0161i\u0165 probl\u00e9m chudoby. Tento v\u00fdvoj bol sprev\u00e1dzan\u00fd vznikom r\u00f4znych teoretick\u00fdch pr\u00edstupov, ako napr\u00edklad keynesi\u00e1nstvo, soci\u00e1lny demokratizmus alebo neoliberalizmus, ktor\u00e9 pon\u00fakaj\u00fa rozli\u010dn\u00e9 strat\u00e9gie a n\u00e1stroje na zvl\u00e1danie chudoby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je chudoba ch\u00e1pan\u00e1 ako komplexn\u00fd soci\u00e1lny jav, ktor\u00fd zah\u0155\u0148a nielen nedostatok materi\u00e1lnych prostriedkov, ale aj soci\u00e1lne vyl\u00fa\u010denie, nedostatok pr\u00edstupu k vzdelaniu a zdravotnej starostlivosti, a obmedzen\u00e9 mo\u017enosti zamestnania. Tento multidimenzion\u00e1lny pr\u00edstup k chudobe podporuje systematick\u00e9 a interdisciplin\u00e1rne rie\u0161enia, ktor\u00e9 zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa nielen finan\u010dn\u00e9 pomocn\u00e9 programy, ale aj soci\u00e1lne politiky zameran\u00e9 na vzdel\u00e1vanie, zamestnanos\u0165 a inkl\u00faziu. Je preto nevyhnutn\u00e9, aby politiky a programy na zmiernenie chudoby boli zalo\u017een\u00e9 na d\u00f4kladnom vedeckom v\u00fdskume a anal\u00fdze, ktor\u00e9 ber\u00fa do \u00favahy komplexn\u00e9 faktory ovplyv\u0148uj\u00face tento jav. To si vy\u017eaduje nielen pochopenie ekonomick\u00fdch a soci\u00e1lnych pr\u00ed\u010din chudoby, ale aj schopnos\u0165 identifikova\u0165 a adresova\u0165 \u0161truktur\u00e1lne nerovnosti a diskrimin\u00e1ciu, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 kore\u0148om chudoby v r\u00f4znych komunit\u00e1ch a regi\u00f3noch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V roku 1984 Rada Eur\u00f3pskeho spolo\u010denstva definovala chudobu nasledovne: Chudobn\u00ed s\u00fa t\u00ed \u013eudia, dom\u00e1cnosti a skupiny os\u00f4b, ktor\u00ed disponuj\u00fa tak mal\u00fdm objemom materi\u00e1lnych, kult\u00farnych a soci\u00e1lnych prostriedkov, \u017ee s\u00fa vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00ed zo sp\u00f4sobu \u017eivota, ktor\u00fd je v \u010dlenskej krajine, v ktorej \u017eij\u00fa, prijate\u013en\u00fd ako minim\u00e1lny. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 bola stanoven\u00e1 hranica chudoby ako polovica priemern\u00e9ho pr\u00edjmu danej krajiny. Pre chudobu ako soci\u00e1lny jav je typick\u00e1 jej \u010fal\u0161ia vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00farovanos\u0165 a s\u00edce: soci\u00e1lne minimum, existen\u010dn\u00e9 minimum a bieda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soci\u00e1lne minimum je stav, ke\u010f pr\u00edjem umo\u017e\u0148uje, aby si jedinec (rodina) mohol z neho pokry\u0165 v\u0161etky svoje be\u017en\u00e9 potreby, v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1kladov na regener\u00e1ciu pracovnej sily, \u010di udr\u017eanie potrebnej pracovnej kvalifik\u00e1cie. Soci\u00e1lne minimum sa zvykne vymedzova\u0165 ako 75% z priemern\u00e9ho platu dan\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva. Existen\u010dn\u00e9 minimum je stav, ke\u010f pr\u00edjem umo\u017e\u0148uje, aby si jedinec (rodina) mohol z neho pokry\u0165 v\u0161etky svoje z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 potreby. Existen\u010dn\u00e9 minimum je vlastne ofici\u00e1lna hranica chudoby, \u010di\u017ee u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00fdch 50% priemern\u00e9ho pr\u00edjmu danej krajiny. Bieda je situ\u00e1cia, ktor\u00e1 nedovo\u013euje jednotlivcovi, dom\u00e1cnosti alebo celej soci\u00e1lnej vrstve uspokojova\u0165 svoje potreby, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v danej spolo\u010dnosti akceptovan\u00e9 ako z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 potreby. Pojem bieda pou\u017e\u00edvame na ozna\u010denie extr\u00e9mnej\u0161\u00edch foriem chudoby, pri\u010dom tento pojem obsahuje cel\u00fa \u0161k\u00e1lu rozdielnych soci\u00e1lnych situ\u00e1ci\u00ed: a.\/ situ\u00e1ciu, pre ktor\u00fa je charakteristick\u00e1 bezprostredn\u00e1 hrozba smrti hladom, b.\/ zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko ohrozenia ur\u010dit\u00fdmi chorobami (TBC, syfilis…) c.\/ neschopnos\u0165 participova\u0165 na slu\u017eb\u00e1ch a zdrojov be\u017ene dostupn\u00fdch v spolo\u010dnosti ap. Bieda na rozdiel od chudoby sp\u00f4sobuje marginaliz\u00e1ciu jedincov, soci\u00e1lnu degrad\u00e1ciu a\u017e soci\u00e1lnu izol\u00e1ciu, \u010d\u00edm sa zni\u017euj\u00fa \u0161ance na jej prekonanie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V podmienkach SR sa pou\u017e\u00edva terminologick\u00e9 spojenie hmotn\u00e1 n\u00fadza, ktorou sa v zmysle z\u00e1kona 195\/1998 o soci\u00e1lnej pomoci ozna\u010duje stav, ke\u010f pr\u00edjem ob\u010dana nedosahuje \u017eivotn\u00e9 minimum stanoven\u00e9 osobitn\u00fdm predpisom, podot\u00fdkame, \u017ee ide o \u017eivotn\u00e9 minimum pre \u00fa\u010dely poskytovania d\u00e1vok soci\u00e1lnej pomoci, t.j., \u017ee je ni\u017e\u0161ie ako \u017eivotn\u00e9 minimum stanoven\u00e9 pre pracuj\u00faceho ob\u010dana. V d\u00f4sledku tohto dvojak\u00e9ho \u017eivotn\u00e9ho minima sa preva\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina klientov poberaj\u00facich d\u00e1vku soci\u00e1lnej pomoci v d\u00f4sledku hmotnej n\u00fadze ocit\u00e1 v re\u00e1lnej chudobe. V niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch m\u00f4\u017eeme hovori\u0165, \u017ee sa na\u0161i klienti nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa priamo v otvorenej biede.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\u0161tit\u00facie, ktor\u00e9 sa zaoberaj\u00fa meran\u00edm a anal\u00fdzou chudoby, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne met\u00f3dy na sk\u00famanie tohto soci\u00e1lneho fenom\u00e9nu. Tieto met\u00f3dy sa opieraj\u00fa o r\u00f4zne defin\u00edcie chudoby a vymedzenia jej hran\u00edc. Spolo\u010dn\u00fdm znakom t\u00fdchto meran\u00ed je ch\u00e1panie chudoby ako stavu nedostatku materi\u00e1lnych, soci\u00e1lnych alebo kult\u00farnych zdrojov, ktor\u00fd \u010dloveka vylu\u010duje z minim\u00e1lne akceptovan\u00e9ho sp\u00f4sobu \u017eivota. Hoci materi\u00e1lne (pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9) zdroje nie s\u00fa jedinou dimenziou chudoby, s\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pri meran\u00ed chudoby v d\u00f4sledku ich dostupnosti a relat\u00edvnej hodnovernosti \u00fadajov. Vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine vyspel\u00fdch kraj\u00edn je hranica chudoby vymedzen\u00e1 ako ur\u010dit\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho pr\u00edjmu, napr\u00edklad 50% priemern\u00e9ho pr\u00edjmu (alebo medi\u00e1nu, t.j. strednej hodnoty) na dom\u00e1cnos\u0165 v danej krajine. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom vymedzenia hranice chudoby m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u017eivotn\u00e9 minimum stanoven\u00e9 z\u00e1konom, ktor\u00e9 ur\u010duje \u00farove\u0148 pr\u00edjmu, pod ktorou vznik\u00e1 stav hmotnej n\u00fadze a ktor\u00e9 je z\u00e1kladom pre poskytovanie soci\u00e1lnej pomoci zo strany \u0161t\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na Slovensku sa \u017eivotn\u00e9 minimum vyu\u017e\u00edva ako hranica pr\u00edjmu, pod ktorou vznik\u00e1 stav hmotnej n\u00fadze, ktor\u00fd mo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165 za ekvivalent chudoby na Slovensku. Tieto defin\u00edcie a hranice chudoby poskytuj\u00fa r\u00e1mec pre meranie a anal\u00fdzu tohto z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9ho soci\u00e1lneho javu a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa identifikova\u0165 jednotliv\u00e9 skupiny \u013eud\u00ed postihnut\u00fdch chudobou a navrhova\u0165 opatrenia na jej zmiernenie. Ot\u00e1zka pr\u00edstupu k rie\u0161eniu, zodpovednosti spolo\u010dnosti za situ\u00e1ciu jednotlivcov (rod\u00edn), miery pomoci zo strany \u0161t\u00e1tu je predmetom soci\u00e1lno-politologick\u00fdch, \u010di ekonomick\u00fdch te\u00f3ri\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je nezamestnanos\u0165, a to najm\u00e4 dlhodob\u00e1, pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za jeden z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch indik\u00e1torov chudoby. Dlhodob\u00e1 nezamestnanos\u0165 \u010dasto sp\u00f4sobuje nedostatok finan\u010dn\u00fdch prostriedkov a vedie k soci\u00e1lnej izol\u00e1cii. Tento stav m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 za n\u00e1sledok \u00fapadok mor\u00e1lnych hodn\u00f4t a v\u00e1\u017ene probl\u00e9my v rodine, ako aj zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko v\u00fdskytu n\u00e1silia, kriminality, alkoholizmu a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch negat\u00edvnych javov. Strata domova a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 strata soci\u00e1lnych v\u00e4zieb na v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inov\u00e9 spolo\u010denstvo ods\u00fava t\u00fdchto postihnut\u00fdch jedincov na okraj spolo\u010dnosti. Dlhodob\u00e1 nezamestnanos\u0165 m\u00e1 preto nielen ekonomick\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky, ale aj zna\u010dn\u00fd soci\u00e1lny a psychologick\u00fd vplyv na jednotlivcov a ich rodiny. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby spolo\u010dnos\u0165 venovala primeran\u00fa pozornos\u0165 probl\u00e9mu dlhodobej nezamestnanosti a akt\u00edvne pracovala na jej rie\u0161en\u00ed. To m\u00f4\u017ee zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 poskytovanie vzdel\u00e1vac\u00edch a rekvalifika\u010dn\u00fdch programov, podporu pri h\u013eadan\u00ed zamestnania, ako aj soci\u00e1lne opatrenia a podporn\u00e9 slu\u017eby pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sa ocitli v tejto zranite\u013enej situ\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bez oh\u013eadu na jednotliv\u00e9 teoretick\u00e9 pr\u00fady v boji s chudobou je v\u017edy potrebn\u00e9 ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ju ako celospolo\u010densk\u00fd probl\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd je rie\u0161ite\u013en\u00fd len na b\u00e1ze spoluzodpovednosti a osobnej particip\u00e1cie jednotlivca na jej rie\u0161en\u00ed a pomoci zo strany \u0161t\u00e1tu, z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm predpokladom pre jej rie\u0161enie je dobrovo\u013en\u00e9 re\u0161pektovanie princ\u00edpu solidarity, individu\u00e1lny pr\u00edstup k rie\u0161eniu chudoby a re\u0161pektovanie princ\u00edpu pomoci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u017dAMBAZOVI\u010c, R., GERBERY, D.: Od chudoby k soci\u00e1lnemu vyl\u00fa\u010deniu. In: Sociol\u00f3gia, r. 37, \u010d. 2, 2005, s. 143-176<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HAVL\u00cdK, Radom\u00edr. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9my spole\u010dnosti z pohledu sociologie<\/em>. Praha: Univerzita Jana Amose Komensk\u00e9ho Praha, 2016. ISBN 9788074521218.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HAVL\u00cdK, Radom\u00edr. \u00davod do sociologie<\/em>. Vyd. 6., p\u0159eprac. Praha: Karolinum, 2015. ISBN 9788024628431<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MARE\u0160, P.: Chudoba, marginalizace, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed vylou\u010den\u00ed. In: Sociologick\u00fd \u010dasopis, r.36, \u010d.3, 2000, s. 285-297<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V kontexte \u013eudskej hist\u00f3rie sa chudoba prejavuje ako z\u00e1kladn\u00fd spolo\u010densk\u00fd fenom\u00e9n s hlbok\u00fdmi historick\u00fdmi kore\u0148mi, zasahuj\u00faci nielen jednotlivcov, ale aj \u0161ir\u0161ie spolo\u010densk\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary. Chudoba v priebehu civiliza\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja pre\u0161la v\u00fdraznou evol\u00faciou, od mystick\u00fdch v\u00fdkladov v ran\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch a filozofick\u00fdch textoch, a\u017e po s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa multidimenzion\u00e1lnu koncepciu, ktor\u00e1 zoh\u013ead\u0148uje komplexn\u00e9 soci\u00e1lne, ekonomick\u00e9 a kult\u00farne faktory. Historick\u00fd v\u00fdskum […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1192","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eseje"],"yoast_head":"\nChudoba ako soci\u00e1lny jav - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1192\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chudoba ako soci\u00e1lny jav - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V kontexte \u013eudskej hist\u00f3rie sa chudoba prejavuje ako z\u00e1kladn\u00fd spolo\u010densk\u00fd fenom\u00e9n s hlbok\u00fdmi historick\u00fdmi kore\u0148mi, zasahuj\u00faci nielen jednotlivcov, ale aj \u0161ir\u0161ie spolo\u010densk\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary. 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