{"id":1155,"date":"2024-08-31T17:57:52","date_gmt":"2024-08-31T15:57:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1155"},"modified":"2024-08-31T17:57:55","modified_gmt":"2024-08-31T15:57:55","slug":"prekonavanie-rozdielov-v-dielach-o-slobode-a-velka-metamorfoza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1155","title":{"rendered":"Prekon\u00e1vanie rozdielov v dielach O slobode a Ve\u013ek\u00e1 metamorf\u00f3za"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00davod<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Stuart Mill <\/em>bol v\u00fdznamn\u00fd anglick\u00fd filozof a predstavite\u013e utilitarianizmu, teda eticko-politickej te\u00f3rie z lat. slova utilitias<\/em>, ktor\u00e1 v svojej podstate zast\u00e1va zabezpe\u010denie absol\u00fatneho \u0161\u0165astia \u010do najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iemu po\u010dtu obyvate\u013eov. V svojom diele O Slobode<\/em> sa zaober\u00e1 najm\u00e4 ot\u00e1zkou osobnej slobody, ktorej d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 adresovania prich\u00e1dza s vst\u00fapen\u00edm do civilizovanej\u0161ieho stavu v\u00fdvoja \u013eudstva. J.S. Mill zast\u00e1va individu\u00e1lny aspekt slobody s podporou absol\u00fatnej slobody myslenia a vyjadrovania jednotlivca a jeho myslenie obhajuje liber\u00e1lne hodnoty. Na druhej strane stoj\u00ed \u010fal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd filozof, tentokr\u00e1t z Franc\u00fazska. Charles Fourier,<\/em> autor diela Ve\u013ek\u00e1 Metamorf\u00f3za<\/em>, bol pr\u00edvr\u017eencom soci\u00e1lnych te\u00f3ri\u00ed s utopistick\u00fdm usporiadan\u00edm spolo\u010dnosti, kde hlavn\u00fa \u00falohu zast\u00e1vaj\u00fa komunitn\u00e9 jednotky falanst\u00e9ry<\/em>. V\u010faka komunitn\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m sa v spolo\u010dnosti podar\u00ed odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 soci\u00e1lne nerovnosti a vytvor\u00ed sa harmonick\u00e9 usporiadanie zalo\u017een\u00e9 na vz\u00e1jomnej spolupr\u00e1ci a podpore, kde ka\u017ed\u00e1 osoba svojim k\u00faskom pom\u00e1ha k celkov\u00e9mu fungovaniu a napredovaniu celej spolo\u010dnosti. Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead sa m\u00f4\u017ee zda\u0165, \u017ee ide o dve rozli\u010dn\u00e9 diela s autormi, ktor\u00ed zast\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u00faplne odli\u0161n\u00e9 politick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1lne hodnoty, no nemus\u00ed to by\u0165 \u00fapln\u00e1 pravda. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku sa pok\u00fasime n\u00e1js\u0165 prienik v ot\u00e1zkach slobody v prelomov\u00fdch dielach O Slobode (J.S. Mill)<\/em> a Ve\u013ek\u00e1 Metamorf\u00f3za (Ch. Fourier)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Ne)Sloboda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podstata diela Johna Stuarta Milla O Slobode<\/em> sa nesie v znamen\u00ed siln\u00e9ho individualizmu a postavenia slobody jednotlivca na prv\u00e9 miesto. Verejn\u00e1 mienka v diele zast\u00e1va ak\u00fasi formu krehkosti, najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li svojmu premenliv\u00e9mu charakteru vysoko citliv\u00e9mu na individualitu. J. S. Mill <\/em>rozdelil slobodu na tri z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 skupiny, ktor\u00e9 je potrebn\u00e9 re\u0161pektova\u0165 spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou skuto\u010dne pova\u017eovanou za slobodn\u00fa. Prv\u00fa skupinu tvor\u00ed sloboda vo vlastnej sf\u00e9re vo forme slobody myslenia, svedomia, c\u00edtenia, mienky, n\u00e1zoru a tla\u010de. \u010eal\u0161ia skupina slobody zah\u0155\u0148a slobodu utv\u00e1ra\u0165 si vlastn\u00fd \u017eivot tak, ako to vyhovuje povahe a potreb\u00e1m jednotlivca a posledn\u00e1 skupina sa t\u00fdka slobody zdru\u017eovania (ak ide o dospel\u00e9 osoby, ktor\u00e9 k tomu nie s\u00fa n\u00faten\u00e9 a t\u00fdmto svoj\u00edm spr\u00e1van\u00edm nepo\u0161kodzuj\u00fa in\u00fdch). J.S. Mill<\/em> predstavil dva piliere, ktor\u00e9 obmedzuj\u00fa slobodu a stavia tak ist\u00e9 hranice re\u0161pektovan\u00e9 spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou. Prv\u00fdm je vymedzenie os\u00f4b na ktor\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 sloboda uplatnen\u00e1. Za tento subjekt ur\u010d\u00ed \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa schopn\u00ed znies\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 a v\u00e1\u017enos\u0165 situ\u00e1cie a ak nie, mus\u00ed by\u0165 o nich n\u00e1le\u017eite postaran\u00e9, pri\u010dom ide najm\u00e4 o deti a nesp\u00f4sobil\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed nedok\u00e1\u017eu pochopi\u0165 hodnotu slobody. Druh\u00fdm pilierom je jedin\u00fd d\u00f4vod kedy je mo\u017en\u00e9 zasahova\u0165 do \u013eudskej slobody a to z d\u00f4vodu zachovania \u017eivota. Predstavuje tak ak\u00fasi absol\u00fatnu slobodu jednotlivca v r\u00e1mci t\u00fdchto dvoch ohrani\u010den\u00fdch limitov. V podstate je mo\u017en\u00e9 zhrn\u00fa\u0165 my\u0161lienky J.S. Milla jednou vetou a to \u2013 moja sloboda kon\u010d\u00edm tam, kde za\u010d\u00edna sloboda druh\u00e9ho<\/em>. V politickej sf\u00e9re obhajuje politick\u00fa slobodu pred potencion\u00e1lnym autorit\u00e1rstvom zo strany vl\u00e1dy a podporuje ob\u010diansku spolo\u010dnos\u0165 a particip\u00e1ciu. Individualita osoby m\u00e1 maxim\u00e1lnu prednos\u0165 a ani vl\u00e1da nem\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 kompetentn\u00e1 zasahova\u0165, za hranice udr\u017eiavania verejnej bezpe\u010dnosti. V tomto svete si m\u00f4\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd myslie\u0165 a robi\u0165 \u010do chce, k\u00fdm t\u00fdm neubli\u017euje in\u00fdm<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charles Fourier zast\u00e1val ideu organizovanej spolo\u010dnosti v mal\u00fdch komunitn\u00fdch jednotk\u00e1ch falanst\u00e9ri\u00e1ch<\/em>, kde ka\u017ed\u00fd v harm\u00f3nii pracuje na dosiahnut\u00ed spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho cie\u013ea, \u010do napom\u00e1ha prosperuj\u00facemu chodu spolo\u010dnosti a ustanovuje syst\u00e9m, z ktor\u00e9ho benefituje ka\u017ed\u00fd. Zo za\u010diatku tento pr\u00edstup m\u00f4\u017ee zna\u010di\u0165 ist\u00fa mieru akejsi ideol\u00f3gie, totalitarianizmu a n\u00faten\u00e9ho organizovania obyvate\u013estva. Toto m\u00f4\u017ee okam\u017eite vyvol\u00e1va\u0165 pocit utl\u00e1\u010dania slobody jednotlivca a odporova\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm my\u0161lienkam J.S. Milla. Av\u0161ak, hoci je Ch. Fourierova spolo\u010dnos\u0165 dopredu organizovan\u00e1, aj on vyt\u00fd\u010dil z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 piliere a zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje v ich medziach \u00fapln\u00fa osobn\u00fa slobodu jednotlivca. Obyvate\u013e tejto komunitnej spolo\u010dnosti m\u00f4\u017ee slobodne vyjadrova\u0165 svoje z\u00e1ujmy a presved\u010denia, pri\u010dom nejde o monot\u00f3nnu spolo\u010dnos\u0165, ale t\u00fdmto faktorom dost\u00e1va komunitn\u00e1 jednotka \u017eivot a r\u00f4znorodos\u0165. Pr\u00e1ca m\u00e1 by\u0165 vn\u00edman\u00e1 ako pr\u00edjemn\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 prospieva spolo\u010dnosti, preto m\u00e1 \u010dlovek mo\u017enos\u0165 vybra\u0165 si a n\u00e1sledne zmeni\u0165 pr\u00e1cu na z\u00e1klade svojich mo\u017enost\u00ed a so z\u00e1merom osobn\u00e9ho napredovania. D\u00f4raz sa kl\u00e1dol aj na osobn\u00e9 talenty ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotlivca, tak aby bola prisp\u00f4soben\u00e1 pr\u00e1ve jeho osobn\u00fdm potreb\u00e1m a t\u00fdm prispievala k osobn\u00e9mu rozvoju, \u010do eventu\u00e1lne prinesie harm\u00f3niu spolo\u010dnosti a napredovanie celej komunite. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm aspektom komunitn\u00e9ho spolu\u017eitia je kolekt\u00edvne vlastn\u00edctvo, kde Ch. Fourier vid\u00ed potrebu eliminova\u0165 hodnotu pe\u0148az\u00ed a individualitu, preto\u017ee tak ve\u013emi, ako je individualita prospe\u0161n\u00e1 v sf\u00e9re talentov a sebarozv\u00edjania, v rovnakej miere dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u00f4sobi\u0165 proti v\u0161eobecn\u00fdm z\u00e1ujmom v r\u00e1mci vlastn\u00edctva. Toto je predstaven\u00e9 na pr\u00edklade lek\u00e1ra, ktor\u00fd sa \u017eiv\u00ed lie\u010den\u00edm chor\u00fdch, ke\u010f\u017ee za to dost\u00e1va peniaze, bude pria\u0165 \u013eu\u010fom chorobu, \u010do komunite nepom\u00e1ha k harmonick\u00e9mu \u017eitiu. Spolo\u010dn\u00e9 vlastn\u00edctvo p\u00f4dy a spolo\u010dn\u00e1 produkcia pre komunitu zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa z\u00e1klad komunitnej jednotky. Zaisten\u00edm spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho kolekt\u00edvneho vlastn\u00edctva sa obyvatelia zameraj\u00fa na skuto\u010dn\u00e9 dary \u017eivota a bud\u00fa sa m\u00f4c\u0165 v individu\u00e1lnej sf\u00e9re s\u00fastredi\u0165 na osobn\u00fd rozvoj obohaten\u00fdm o p\u00f4\u017eitok pr\u00e1ce, ke\u010f\u017ee bud\u00fa m\u00f4c\u0165 by\u0165 k\u00fdm chc\u00fa<\/em>, preto\u017ee ich sloboda nebude spo\u010d\u00edva\u0165 v zviazanosti majetkom \u010di peniazmi a v\u0161etky ich z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00e9 potreby s\u00fa zabezpe\u010den\u00e9, kon\u010d\u00ed sa t\u00fdm boj o pre\u017eitie \u2013 prich\u00e1dzame k ide\u00e1lnym podmienkam slobodn\u00e9ho<\/em> rozv\u00edjania ducha. Prich\u00e1dzame a\u017e k ir\u00f3nii, kedy \u013eudia v \u00famyselne organizovanej komunite a pl\u00e1novan\u00fdm delen\u00edm bohatstva z\u00edskavaj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed \u00fadel slobody ducha, ako u J. S. Milla. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aj ke\u010f sa v ot\u00e1zke organiz\u00e1cie spolo\u010dnosti n\u00e1zory autorov l\u00ed\u0161ia, poznamen\u00e1vame prienik medzi t\u00fdmito dvoma myslite\u013emi \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00fd kladie d\u00f4raz na individualitu v r\u00e1mci svojich ideologick\u00fdch limitov. U J.S. Milla sa stret\u00e1vame s t\u00fdm, \u010do je v dne\u0161nom svete pr\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 pre demokraciu \u2013 sloboda prejavu, sloboda tla\u010de a sloboda zhroma\u017e\u010fovania, pri\u010dom komunita a celkov\u00e9 dobro spolo\u010dnosti taktie\u017e zast\u00e1va d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu, ale a\u017e po individu\u00e1lnej slobode. Antick\u00e1 charakteristika od Aristotela<\/em>, zoon politikon,<\/em> akoby str\u00e1ca svoju hodnotu a nech\u00e1va \u010dloveka na pospas samot\u00e1rskemu \u017eivotu individuality. Predstavuje ak\u00fdsi koncept nedotknute\u013enosti osoby, ktor\u00e1 je sama sebe p\u00e1nom a zodpovedn\u00e1 za svoj \u017eivot. Naopak Ch. Fourier postavil komunitu na prv\u00e9 miesto a a\u017e v r\u00e1mci nej nech\u00e1va osobn\u00fa slobodu pri\u010dom, vych\u00e1dza pr\u00e1ve z prirodzenej vlastnosti spolo\u010denskosti \u010dloveka. T\u00fdm, \u017ee odre\u017ee k\u00fasok slobody v r\u00e1mci organizovanosti, o to viac pomoci udel\u00ed v sf\u00e9re individu\u00e1lneho napredovania jednotlivca v komunite. Obaja autori sa zhodn\u00fa v d\u00f4le\u017eitosti slobody myslenia a vyjadrovania n\u00e1zorov, oponuj\u00fa ka\u017edej forme cenz\u00fary a chr\u00e1nia n\u00e1zory pred tlakom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny. V samotnej podstate aj u J.S. Milla aj u  Ch. Fouriera dominuje individu\u00e1lny pr\u00edstup na rozv\u00edjanie osobn\u00fdch predpokladov a zabezpe\u010denia blahobytu. Av\u0161ak z\u00e1sadn\u00fdm rozdielom ost\u00e1va ch\u00e1panie blahobytu. J.S. Mill vn\u00edma individualitu blahobytu jednotlivca ako z\u00e1klad pre \u010do najlep\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd \u017eivot (a na \u00faplnom konci ako benefit spolo\u010dnosti), pri\u010dom Ch. Fourier vn\u00edma blahobyt ako potrebu, ktor\u00e1 mus\u00ed by\u0165 zaisten\u00e1 v\u0161etk\u00fdm rovnako. S oh\u013eadom na dne\u0161n\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 sa stret\u00e1vame sk\u00f4r s podobiz\u0148ou slobody ako ju predstavuje J.S. Mill. Slobodu pova\u017eujeme za krehk\u00fa a nedotknute\u013en\u00fa, niekedy a\u017e pr\u00edli\u0161. Dostali sme sa do ak\u00e9hosi nekon\u010diaceho kruhu ochrany seba sam\u00e9ho, akoby \u013eudsk\u00e1 osoba nebola v minulosti zvyknut\u00e1 fungova\u0165 a prosperova\u0165 v komunitnom zoskupen\u00ed. Je teda \u201ekus\u201c slobody, ktor\u00fd Ch. Fourier odre\u017ee od \u013eud\u00ed v\u00fdmenou za vytvorenie podmienok komunity, kde funguje aj individu\u00e1lny pr\u00edstup pre \u010do najlep\u0161ie napredovanie spolo\u010dnosti, pr\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e1 cena? Dnes plat\u00ed, \u017ee slobodu m\u00e1 ten, kto si ju m\u00f4\u017ee (vy)k\u00fapi\u0165. Dostaneme ako dar slobodu mysle, tla\u010de a zhroma\u017e\u010fovania, ktor\u00e9 n\u00e1m maj\u00fa zalepi\u0165 o\u010di pred skuto\u010dnou slobodou ducha. Je potrebn\u00e9 sa oto\u010di\u0165, spomali\u0165 a uvedomi\u0165 si, \u010do v skuto\u010dnosti znamen\u00e1 sloboda. Mo\u017enos\u0165 vyslovi\u0165 ak\u00fako\u013evek my\u0161lienku chcem je \u00fa\u017easn\u00e1, ale nikto sa z nej nenaje<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prekon\u00e1van\u00edm rozdielov v r\u00e1mci nach\u00e1dzania podobnosti medzi dvoma, na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead rozli\u010dn\u00fdmi dielami O Slobode <\/em>a Ve\u013ek\u00e1 Metamorf\u00f3za<\/em>, je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pre predch\u00e1dzania novodob\u00e9mu trendu polariz\u00e1cie spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00fd aktu\u00e1lne za\u010d\u00edna tr\u00e1pi\u0165 cel\u00fd svet. D\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie ako n\u00e1js\u0165 ide\u00e1l \u010di pravdu, by malo by\u0165 pochopenie druhej strany a snaha o n\u00e1jdenie konsenzu v spolo\u010dn\u00fdch prienikoch. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V zmysle J.S. Milla a Ch. Fouriera by si novodob\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 mala pripomen\u00fa\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 individu\u00e1lneho rozv\u00edjania, ale o to viac je si potrebn\u00e9 odnies\u0165 zmysel komunity, ktor\u00fd nach\u00e1dzame najm\u00e4 u Ch. Fouriera. V s\u00fa\u010dasnej dobe doch\u00e1dza a\u017e k pr\u00edli\u0161nej individualite \u010dloveka v ka\u017edej sf\u00e9re \u017eivota, akoby sa pozabudlo na rados\u0165 a pocit slobody, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee spolo\u010densk\u00fd \u017eivot \u010dloveku pon\u00faknu\u0165. Taktie\u017e pozorujeme \u010doraz viac dial\u00f3g medzi p\u00f4soben\u00edm individu\u00e1lnej slobody na kolekt\u00edvne potreby, je v\u0161ak potrebn\u00e9 si uvedomi\u0165 hranice slobody, v \u010dom nach\u00e1dzame zhodu u obidvoch autorov. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 si z obidvoch diel mus\u00ed zobra\u0165 to, \u017ee nikto nie je v pr\u00e1ve cenzurova\u0165 na\u0161e n\u00e1zory a my\u0161lienky a je potrebn\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u0165 si tento aspekt prirodzenej slobody. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Av\u0161ak, nie je v\u017edy v\u0161etko len o jednotlivcovi, ale prav\u00e9 umenie sa nach\u00e1dza v prekon\u00e1van\u00ed sam\u00e9ho seba pr\u00e1ve v komunitnom prostred\u00ed. Chamtivos\u0165 a zm\u00fd\u0161\u013eanie v centre \u201elen JA<\/em>\u201c prinesie svet r\u00fdchlo do z\u00e1huby. Osobn\u00e1 sloboda n\u00e1m bude zbyto\u010dn\u00e1 ak sa zaobal\u00edme v jej bubline tak ve\u013emi, a\u017e n\u00e1m zmysel komunity a princ\u00edpu spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho dobra unikne spolu so \u017eivotom pred o\u010dami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Encyclopedia Britannica. Charles Fourier [online]. [30. december 2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Charles-Fourier#ref156945>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Encyclopedia Britannica. John Stuart Mill [online]. [30. december 2023]. Dostupn\u00e9 na: <https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/John-Stuart-Mill>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fourier, Charles. Velk\u00e1 metamorf\u00f3za. V\u00fdbor z d\u00edla. Praha: Mlad\u00e1 fronta, 1983.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill, John Stuart. O Slobode. Bratislava: IRIS, 1995. ISBN 80-88778-07-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u017daloudek, Karel. Encyklopedie Politiky. Praha: Nakladatelstv\u00ed Libri, 1999. ISBN 80-85983-75-3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00davod John Stuart Mill bol v\u00fdznamn\u00fd anglick\u00fd filozof a predstavite\u013e utilitarianizmu, teda eticko-politickej te\u00f3rie z lat. slova utilitias, ktor\u00e1 v svojej podstate zast\u00e1va zabezpe\u010denie absol\u00fatneho \u0161\u0165astia \u010do najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iemu po\u010dtu obyvate\u013eov. V svojom diele O Slobode sa zaober\u00e1 najm\u00e4 ot\u00e1zkou osobnej slobody, ktorej d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 adresovania prich\u00e1dza s vst\u00fapen\u00edm do civilizovanej\u0161ieho stavu v\u00fdvoja \u013eudstva. J.S. Mill zast\u00e1va individu\u00e1lny aspekt slobody s podporou absol\u00fatnej slobody […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[148,145,146,147,149],"class_list":["post-1155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-filozofia","tag-o-slobode","tag-prekonavanie","tag-rozdielov","tag-v-dielach","tag-velka-metamorfoza"],"yoast_head":"\nPrekon\u00e1vanie rozdielov v dielach O slobode a Ve\u013ek\u00e1 metamorf\u00f3za - RE:PUB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.repub.sk\/?p=1155\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prekon\u00e1vanie rozdielov v dielach O slobode a Ve\u013ek\u00e1 metamorf\u00f3za - RE:PUB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00davod John Stuart Mill bol v\u00fdznamn\u00fd anglick\u00fd filozof a predstavite\u013e utilitarianizmu, teda eticko-politickej te\u00f3rie z lat. slova utilitias, ktor\u00e1 v svojej podstate zast\u00e1va zabezpe\u010denie absol\u00fatneho \u0161\u0165astia \u010do najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iemu po\u010dtu obyvate\u013eov. 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